๐ฟ Chapter 01 ยท Ecology Fundamentals ยท Environment & Ecology
Ecology โ Basic Concepts & Ecosystem
Biotic & abiotic factors, food chain, food web, ecological pyramids, energy flow โ complete UPSC & PSC notes.
6
Sub-Topics
10
Practice MCQs
10
PYQs
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Very High
๐ What You Will Learn in This Chapter
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Ecology โ definition, scope, branches
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Biotic & abiotic components
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Food chain, food web, trophic levels
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Ecological pyramids โ number, biomass, energy
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Energy flow โ 10% law, productivity
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Biogeochemical cycles โ carbon, nitrogen, water
๐ฏ Exam Relevance โ This chapter appears in:
UPSC Prelims (3โ4 Qs/year)APPSC Group 1 & 2TGPSC Group 1 & 2SSC CGL / CHSLState PSC Exams
๐ Chapter Sub-Topics โ Click to Read
Topic 01
Ecology Basics & Ecosystem
Definition, scope, levels of organisation; ecosystem structure; biotic & abiotic components.
Topic 02
Food Chain & Food Web
Grazing food chain, detritus food chain; food web; trophic levels; producers, consumers, decomposers.
Topic 03
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of numbers, biomass, energy; upright vs inverted pyramids; Lindeman’s 10% law.
Topic 04
Energy Flow & Productivity
GPP, NPP, biomass; energy flow models; Lindeman’s efficiency; ecological efficiency.
Topic 05
Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle; nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
Topic 06
Ecological Succession & Revision
Primary & secondary succession; climax community; types of ecosystems; complete revision.
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