International Current Affairs Archives

AITIGA: India Hosts 13th ASEAN-India Joint Committee Meeting

AITIGA Joint Committee meeting hosted by India — AITIGA review talks aim to make the pact more business friendly

Why in News?

India hosted the 13th ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) Joint Committee meeting to advance the review of the ASEAN-India trade pact.

Key Facts for Prelims: AITIGA

Full form: ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement
Meeting: 13th Joint Committee, hosted by India
Purpose of the review: Make the agreement more business-friendly through simpler trade procedures, better market access and stronger supply-chain resilience
ASEAN’s share: Around 11% of India’s global trade
Bilateral trade (2025-26): USD 128 billion
Sub-committees: Eight under the Joint Committee, including Rules of Origin, Customs Procedures and Trade Facilitation, and National Treatment and Market Access

Key Facts for Prelims: ASEAN

Full form: Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Established: 8 August 1967 at Bangkok, through the Bangkok Declaration
Motto: One Vision, One Identity, One Community
Secretariat: Jakarta, Indonesia
Founding members (5): Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
Later members: Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Timor-Leste, the newest
India is NOT a member of ASEAN — it is a dialogue partner

Static Exam Link: India-ASEAN Engagement

The Look East Policy (1991) was upgraded to the Act East Policy (2014), with ASEAN at its core
India is a Strategic Partner and summit-level dialogue partner; the East Asia Summit and ASEAN Regional Forum are ASEAN-led platforms India participates in
AITIGA entered into force in 2010 as part of the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area; separate services and investment agreements followed
India is not an RCEP member — it walked out in 2019 over concerns about trade deficits and import surges
Rules of Origin prevent third countries from routing goods through member states to claim tariff concessions

Quick Revision Table: ASEAN and AITIGA

Parameter	Detail
ASEAN Founded	1967, Bangkok Declaration
ASEAN Secretariat	Jakarta, Indonesia
ASEAN Motto	One Vision, One Identity, One Community
Founding Members	Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
Newest Member	Timor-Leste
India’s Status	Dialogue partner, not a member
ASEAN Share in India’s Trade	About 11%
India-ASEAN Trade (2025-26)	USD 128 billion
Sub-committees	Eight

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusion	Correct Fact
India is a member of ASEAN	India is a dialogue partner, not a member
The ASEAN Secretariat is in Bangkok	ASEAN was founded in Bangkok, but the Secretariat is in Jakarta
Timor-Leste is a founding member	It is the newest member
AITIGA covers goods, services and investment	AITIGA covers trade in goods only
India is part of RCEP because of AITIGA	India is not an RCEP member; AITIGA is a separate ASEAN-India arrangement

Practice MCQs

1. AITIGA stands for:

a. ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement
b. Asia-India Trade and Investment General Agreement
c. ASEAN-Indo Pacific Trade in Goods Arrangement
d. ASEAN-India Technical and Investment Growth Accord

Ans: A
AITIGA is the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement, currently under review.

2. The Secretariat of ASEAN is located at:

a. Bangkok
b. Jakarta
c. Manila
d. Singapore

Ans: B
ASEAN was founded in Bangkok but its Secretariat is at Jakarta.

3. Which of the following is NOT a founding member of ASEAN?

a. Indonesia
b. Philippines
c. Brunei
d. Thailand

Ans: C
Brunei joined after the five founding members.

4. Consider the following statements:
1. India is a member of ASEAN.
2. ASEAN accounts for around 11% of India’s global trade.
Which of the above is or are correct?

a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: B
India is a dialogue partner, not a member, but ASEAN does account for roughly 11% of India’s global trade.

5. The newest member of ASEAN is:

a. Cambodia
b. Myanmar
c. Timor-Leste
d. Laos

Ans: C
Timor-Leste is the most recent country to join ASEAN.

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BIMSTEC NSA Meeting 2026: 5th Meet and Best UPSC Notes

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BIMSTEC NSA meeting hosted by India in New Delhi — BIMSTEC NSA meeting: fifth edition hosted by India

Why in News?

India hosted the fifth BIMSTEC NSA meeting — the meeting of National Security Advisers of BIMSTEC member states — in New Delhi, bringing together all seven members to build a common front against security challenges in the Bay of Bengal region.

Key Facts for Prelims: The BIMSTEC NSA Meeting

Edition: Fifth meeting of BIMSTEC National Security Advisers
Venue: New Delhi, India
Chaired by: India’s National Security Adviser
Participants: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand
Focus areas: Terrorism, organised crime, maritime and cyber security, disaster management and energy security
Key outcome: Adoption of guidelines for the maritime component of Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)

Key Facts for Prelims: BIMSTEC

Full form: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
Established: 6 June 1997, through the Bangkok Declaration
Secretariat: Dhaka, Bangladesh
Members (7): Five from South Asia — Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka; two from Southeast Asia — Myanmar and Thailand
Nature: Regional multilateral organisation bridging South Asia and Southeast Asia

Static Exam Link: BIMSTEC vs SAARC

Originally BIST-EC in 1997, it became BIMST-EC after Myanmar joined; Nepal and Bhutan joined in 2004, giving the present name
BIMSTEC excludes Pakistan and Maldives, unlike SAARC; Afghanistan and Maldives are SAARC members but not BIMSTEC members
SAARC: Founded 1985, Secretariat at Kathmandu, eight members
India favours BIMSTEC because SAARC processes have stalled, and it advances both Neighbourhood First and Act East policies
The BIMSTEC Charter gives the grouping legal personality; cooperation is organised into seven sectors, with India leading Security

Why the BIMSTEC NSA Meeting Matters for India

The BIMSTEC NSA meeting has become the main channel through which India converts its Bay of Bengal diplomacy into working security arrangements. Because the grouping brings together five South Asian and two Southeast Asian states, it is the only regional platform where India can discuss coastal security, trafficking and counter-terrorism with both its immediate neighbours and its Act East partners at the same table. This is why questions on BIMSTEC increasingly appear in prelims under both international relations and internal security.

Three themes recur across the security track of the grouping. The first is maritime domain awareness, since piracy, illegal fishing, smuggling and disaster response all cut across national maritime boundaries in the Bay of Bengal. The second is counter-terrorism and transnational crime, addressed through the Convention on Cooperation in Combating International Terrorism, Transnational Organised Crime and Illicit Drug Trafficking. The third is disaster management, where India’s institutional strengths, including the NDRF and the Indian Navy’s rapid relief deployments, give it a natural leadership role.

Aspirants should also note the institutional design. Decisions are taken by consensus, the Secretariat at Dhaka has limited executive power, and progress depends heavily on host-country initiative. This explains why the security sector, led by India, has advanced faster than several other sectors of cooperation. For prelims, remember the pairing of sector with lead country, the year of establishment, and the fact that the grouping links the Bay of Bengal littoral states rather than being a purely South Asian body.

Quick Revision Table: BIMSTEC

Parameter	Detail
Full Form	Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
Founding Declaration	Bangkok Declaration, 1997
Secretariat	Dhaka, Bangladesh
Members	Seven
South Asian Members	Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka
Southeast Asian Members	Myanmar, Thailand
Sector Led by India	Security
Meeting Outcome	Guidelines for maritime component of HADR

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusion	Correct Fact
BIMSTEC headquarters is in Bangkok	It was founded by the Bangkok Declaration, but the Secretariat is in Dhaka
Maldives and Afghanistan are members	Both are SAARC members; BIMSTEC has only seven members and includes neither
All BIMSTEC members are SAARC members	Myanmar and Thailand are not SAARC members
BIMSTEC was founded in 1985	BIMSTEC in 1997; SAARC in 1985
It is a purely economic grouping	It is multi-sectoral, covering security, connectivity and disaster management

Practice MCQs

1. BIMSTEC was established through which declaration?

a. Dhaka Declaration
b. Bangkok Declaration
c. Colombo Declaration
d. Delhi Declaration

Ans: B
BIMSTEC was founded in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration.

2. The permanent Secretariat of BIMSTEC is located at:

a. Bangkok
b. Kathmandu
c. Dhaka
d. Colombo

Ans: C
The BIMSTEC Secretariat is in Dhaka; SAARC’s is in Kathmandu.

3. Which of the following is NOT a member of BIMSTEC?

a. Thailand
b. Myanmar
c. Bhutan
d. Maldives

Ans: D
Maldives is a SAARC member but not a BIMSTEC member.

4. Which BIMSTEC members are from Southeast Asia?

a. Myanmar and Thailand
b. Thailand and Malaysia
c. Myanmar and Cambodia
d. Thailand and Indonesia

Ans: A
Five members are from South Asia and two, Myanmar and Thailand, from Southeast Asia.

5. The fifth BIMSTEC National Security Advisers meeting adopted guidelines relating to:

a. Counter-terrorism financing
b. Maritime component of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
c. Cross-border energy trade
d. Free trade in goods

Ans: B
The meeting adopted guidelines for the maritime component of HADR.

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Ballistic Missile Defence Coalition: 10 Nations, Best Notes

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ballistic missile defence coalition of Ukraine and nine European nations — The ballistic missile defence coalition brings together ten countries

Why in News?

Ukraine and nine European countries announced a ballistic missile defence coalition to protect Europe from ballistic missile attacks and to work towards a common European missile shield.

Key Facts for Prelims: The Ballistic Missile Defence Coalition

Total members: Ten — Ukraine plus nine European nations
Member countries: Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom
Aim: Shared operational requirements, joint technical working groups, common governance and a roadmap to initial operational capability
Basis of design: Ukraine’s battlefield experience in intercepting large-scale missile attacks
Membership: The ballistic missile defence coalition remains open to other countries sharing its objectives

Interconnected Concept: Ballistic Missiles

A ballistic missile is launched like a rocket, travels most of its path along a curved trajectory under gravity, and falls on the target at very high speed. It is powered only during the initial boost phase, which is why a dedicated ballistic missile defence coalition focuses on early detection and interception.

Classification by Range

Type	Range
Tactical Ballistic Missile	Less than 300 km
Short-Range (SRBM)	300 km to 1,000 km
Medium-Range (MRBM)	1,000 km to 3,000 km
Intermediate-Range (IRBM)	3,000 km to 5,500 km
Intercontinental (ICBM)	More than 5,500 km

Ballistic vs Cruise Missile: Static Exam Link

Ballistic: Powered only in the boost phase, follows a high arched trajectory, re-enters at hypersonic speed. Example: Agni series
Cruise: Powered throughout flight, flies low and level within the atmosphere, continuously guided. Example: BrahMos, Nirbhay
India’s capability: DRDO’s two-tier Ballistic Missile Defence programme — Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) for exo-atmospheric and Advanced Air Defence (AAD) for endo-atmospheric interception
Related regime: Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), which India joined in 2016 — a voluntary export control regime, not a treaty

Why the Ballistic Missile Defence Coalition Matters

The ballistic missile defence coalition is significant less for the hardware it will eventually field and more for what it signals about European strategic autonomy. Missile defence has traditionally been organised through NATO structures that depend heavily on American sensors, interceptors and command systems. By pooling requirements among ten states, the coalition attempts to build a European capability that can function alongside, rather than entirely within, existing alliance arrangements.

Technically, defending against ballistic missiles is far harder than defending against aircraft. A warhead re-enters the atmosphere at several kilometres per second, leaving an interception window measured in seconds. Effective defence therefore requires layered systems: space-based or long-range radar for early warning, exo-atmospheric interceptors for the midcourse phase, and endo-atmospheric interceptors for the terminal phase. This layering is exactly the logic behind India’s own two-tier programme, and it is a favourite comparison in examination questions.

For Indian aspirants, three linkages are worth remembering. First, the distinction between ballistic and cruise missiles, which turns on propulsion and trajectory rather than on range or payload. Second, the classification of missiles by range, from tactical systems up to intercontinental ones. Third, the export-control architecture, especially the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Wassenaar Arrangement and the Hague Code of Conduct, all of which India has joined, and none of which is a legally binding treaty.

Quick Revision Table: Ballistic Missile Defence Coalition

Parameter	Detail
Number of Countries	Ten (Ukraine and nine European nations)
Members	Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK
Objective	Common European ballistic missile shield
ICBM Range	Above 5,500 km
IRBM Range	3,000 to 5,500 km
India’s BMD Interceptors	PAD (exo-atmospheric) and AAD (endo-atmospheric)

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusion	Correct Fact
The coalition has nine members in total	It has ten — Ukraine plus nine European nations
It is a NATO command structure	It is a coalition of willing states, not a NATO body
Ballistic missiles are powered throughout flight	They are powered only in the boost phase; cruise missiles are powered throughout
MRBM range is 300 to 1,000 km	That is the SRBM range; MRBM is 1,000 to 3,000 km
MTCR is a legally binding treaty	MTCR is an informal, voluntary export control grouping; India joined in 2016

Practice MCQs

1. How many countries in total are part of the newly announced ballistic missile defence coalition?

a. Eight
b. Nine
c. Ten
d. Twelve

Ans: C
Ukraine along with nine European nations.

2. Which of the following is NOT a member of the coalition?

a. Norway
b. Sweden
c. Poland
d. Denmark

Ans: C
The members are Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the UK.

3. An Intercontinental Ballistic Missile is one with a range of:

a. More than 1,000 km
b. More than 3,000 km
c. More than 5,500 km
d. More than 10,000 km

Ans: C
ICBMs are defined as having a range exceeding 5,500 km.

4. Which statement correctly distinguishes a ballistic missile from a cruise missile?

a. Ballistic missiles are powered throughout their flight
b. Cruise missiles follow a high arched trajectory under gravity
c. Ballistic missiles are powered only during the boost phase
d. Cruise missiles cannot be guided after launch

Ans: C
A ballistic missile is powered only in the boost phase, while a cruise missile is powered and guided throughout.

5. India’s two-tier Ballistic Missile Defence programme uses which interceptors?

a. Akash and Trishul
b. Prithvi Air Defence and Advanced Air Defence
c. Barak-8 and QRSAM
d. Nag and Nirbhay

Ans: B
PAD intercepts at exo-atmospheric and AAD at endo-atmospheric altitudes, both from DRDO.

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Hormuz Bypass Port 2026: UAE Plans Best Alternative Route

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Hormuz bypass port planned by the UAE on its east coast — A Hormuz bypass port would let cargo avoid the strait entirely

Why in News?

The United Arab Emirates is planning a new deepwater Hormuz bypass port on its east coast, allowing cargo to avoid the Strait of Hormuz and cutting reliance on one of the world’s most vulnerable shipping routes after months of Iran-United States conflict.

Key Facts for Prelims: Why a Hormuz Bypass Port

The UAE east coast (Gulf of Oman side, around Fujairah) lies outside the Strait of Hormuz, so ships can reach it without entering the strait
Debris from an intercepted missile triggered a fire at Jebel Ali port, West Asia’s largest container port, which lies on the Persian Gulf side
Activity at the port fell by as much as 90% after the strait was closed, forcing the UAE to seek alternative routes
Cargo would be unloaded on the east coast and moved overland to Dubai, Abu Dhabi and other Gulf states

Interconnected Concept: What is a Strait?

A strait is a narrow, naturally formed waterway connecting two larger water bodies and usually separating two landmasses. Straits carrying a very high share of global trade or energy are called chokepoints.

Strait of Hormuz

Connects: Persian Gulf (west) and the Gulf of Oman or Arabian Sea (east)
Bordering countries: Iran on the north; UAE and Oman’s Musandam Peninsula (an exclave) on the south
Significance: The only sea passage from the oil-rich Persian Gulf to the open ocean
Volume: Around 20 million barrels of oil per day, roughly 20% of global petroleum consumption

Other Important Straits

Strait	Connects	Separates	Key Point
Hormuz	Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman	Iran and UAE/Oman (Musandam)	About 20 million barrels of oil a day
Malacca	Indian Ocean (Andaman Sea) and Pacific Ocean (South China Sea)	Malay Peninsula and Sumatra	About 25% of global traded goods
Gibraltar	Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea	Spain and Morocco	Gateway to the Mediterranean
Palk Strait	Bay of Bengal and Palk Bay/Gulf of Mannar	India (Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka	Shallow; linked to the Sethusamudram debate

Why a Hormuz Bypass Port Matters Strategically

The value of a Hormuz bypass port lies in geography. Every cargo and tanker leaving the Persian Gulf must currently squeeze through a channel whose navigable shipping lanes are only a few kilometres wide, with Iranian territory on one side. Any state that can threaten those lanes gains disproportionate leverage over global energy markets without firing on a single vessel. Building port capacity on the Gulf of Oman side removes that leverage for a portion of regional trade.

India has a direct stake in this. West Asia supplies a large share of India’s crude oil and natural gas, and Indian ports on the western coast are among the closest major destinations for Gulf cargo. Disruption in the strait raises freight and insurance costs, widens the current account deficit and feeds into domestic inflation through fuel prices. India has responded over the years by diversifying crude sources, expanding strategic petroleum reserves and investing in alternative connectivity such as Chabahar port in Iran and the International North-South Transport Corridor.

Aspirants should connect this development to the broader idea of maritime chokepoints. Apart from Hormuz, the Suez Canal, the Bab-el-Mandeb, the Strait of Malacca, the Panama Canal and the Cape of Good Hope route regularly appear in questions. In each case the examiner tests three things: which water bodies are joined, which countries lie on either side, and what share of global trade or energy passes through.

Quick Revision Table

Parameter	Detail
Connects	Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
Northern Coast	Iran
Southern Coast	UAE and Oman’s Musandam exclave
Oil Transit	About 20 million barrels a day, nearly 20% of global consumption
Largest Container Port Affected	Jebel Ali, Dubai
Location of Proposed Bypass Port	UAE east coast, Gulf of Oman side

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusion	Correct Fact
The Strait of Hormuz connects the Red Sea to the Arabian Sea	It connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. The Bab-el-Mandeb connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden
Saudi Arabia borders the strait	It is bordered by Iran, UAE and Oman only
Musandam is part of the UAE	Musandam is an exclave of Oman, separated from mainland Oman by UAE territory
Malacca is the biggest energy chokepoint	Hormuz is the biggest energy chokepoint; Malacca leads in general trade volume
Palk Strait separates India from the Maldives	It separates India (Tamil Nadu) from Sri Lanka

Practice MCQs

1. The Strait of Hormuz connects which two water bodies?

a. Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
b. Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
c. Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
d. Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mannar

Ans: B
It is the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean via the Gulf of Oman.

2. Which of the following countries border the strait?
1. Iran 2. Oman 3. UAE 4. Saudi Arabia

a. 1, 2 and 3 only
b. 1 and 4 only
c. 2, 3 and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: A
Iran lies to the north, and the UAE and Oman’s Musandam Peninsula to the south.

3. Musandam Peninsula is an exclave of:

a. UAE
b. Qatar
c. Oman
d. Yemen

Ans: C
Musandam is cut off from mainland Oman by UAE territory.

4. The Strait of Malacca separates which of the following?

a. Malay Peninsula and Sumatra
b. Java and Borneo
c. Malaysia and the Philippines
d. Thailand and Vietnam

Ans: A
It carries about 25% of global traded goods.

5. Approximately what share of global petroleum consumption transits the strait?

a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 20%
d. 40%

Ans: C
About 20 million barrels of oil a day, roughly 20% of global petroleum consumption.

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Bimal N. Patel Elected ITLOS Judge: India at UNCLOS Tribunal | UPSC Notes

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Why in News?

India’s Professor Bimal N. Patel has been elected as a Judge of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) for the 2026–2035 term. His election took place during the 36th Meeting of States Parties to UNCLOS at the UN Headquarters, New York.

Key Facts for Prelims: ITLOS & UNCLOS

UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea — adopted in 1982
UNCLOS establishes the comprehensive legal framework for all marine and maritime activities
ITLOS: Dispute-settlement body established under UNCLOS for resolving maritime disputes
The 36th Meeting was held at UN Headquarters, New York

UNCLOS Maritime Zones: Quick Revision Table

Maritime Zone	Extent from Baseline	Coastal State Rights
Internal Waters	Landward side of baseline	Full sovereignty
Territorial Sea	Up to 12 NM	Full sovereignty; innocent passage allowed
Contiguous Zone	12–24 NM	Enforcement of customs, immigration, fiscal, sanitary laws
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)	Up to 200 NM	Sovereign rights over resources
Continental Shelf	Up to 200 NM (extendable to 350 NM)	Rights over seabed and subsoil resources
High Seas	Beyond national jurisdiction	Freedom of navigation for all states

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusion	Correct Fact
UNCLOS was adopted in 1972	UNCLOS was adopted in 1982
EEZ extends to 350 NM	EEZ = 200 NM; Continental Shelf can extend to 350 NM
Contiguous Zone = 12 NM	Contiguous Zone is from 12 to 24 NM
Innocent passage is in EEZ	Innocent passage applies in Territorial Sea (12 NM)

Practice MCQs

1. UNCLOS was adopted in which year?

a. 1972
b. 1982
c. 1992
d. 2002

Ans: B
UNCLOS was adopted in 1982 and came into force in 1994.

2. EEZ under UNCLOS extends up to how many nautical miles?

a. 12 NM
b. 24 NM
c. 200 NM
d. 350 NM

Ans: C
The EEZ extends up to 200 NM with sovereign rights over natural resources.

3. Bimal N. Patel was elected to ITLOS during the meeting of which body?

a. UN Security Council
b. 36th Meeting of States Parties to UNCLOS
c. International Court of Justice
d. G20 Legal Forum

Ans: B
His election occurred at the 36th Meeting of States Parties to UNCLOS, UN Headquarters, New York.

4. In which maritime zone can a coastal state enforce customs and immigration laws?

a. Internal Waters
b. Territorial Sea
c. Contiguous Zone
d. EEZ

Ans: C
The Contiguous Zone (12–24 NM) allows enforcement of customs, immigration, fiscal, and sanitary laws.

5. Continental Shelf under UNCLOS can be extended up to how many nautical miles?

a. 200 NM
b. 250 NM
c. 350 NM
d. 400 NM

Ans: C
Continental Shelf can be extended to 350 NM in certain geological conditions.

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Vivek Aggarwal Appointed FATF Vice President: India’s First | UPSC Notes

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Why in News?

India has been accorded the Vice Presidency of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) for the first time. Vivek Aggarwal, India’s nominee, has been appointed as the FATF Vice President — a landmark in India’s growing role in global financial governance.

Key Facts for Prelims: FATF

Established: 1989 at the G7 Summit in Paris
Nature: Independent, inter-governmental policy-making body (not a UN agency, not an enforcement body)
Secretariat: Housed at OECD Headquarters, Paris
Membership: 40 members — 38 jurisdictions + 2 regional organizations (European Commission + Gulf Cooperation Council)
Decision-making: Via FATF Plenary, meets thrice a year (February, June, October) — decisions by consensus

Mandate Evolution (Critical for Prelims)

1989: Anti-Money Laundering (AML) only
2001: Expanded to Counter Financing of Terrorism (CFT)
2012: Expanded to Counter Proliferation Financing (CPF) — related to WMDs

Quick Revision Table: FATF Grey List vs Black List

Aspect	Grey List	Black List
FATF Term	Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring	High-Risk Jurisdictions Subject to Call for Action
Meaning	Strategic AML/CFT deficiencies but working with FATF	Serious deficiencies, significant risk to global finance
FATF Approach	Monitoring and assistance	Strong countermeasures encouraged
Economic Impact	Higher transaction costs, reduced investor confidence	Severe restrictions on international trade and finance
Finance Access	Available with enhanced due diligence	Highly restricted; banks may avoid altogether

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusion	Correct Fact
FATF is a UN body	FATF is independent, not a UN agency (Secretariat is at OECD, Paris)
FATF Plenary meets monthly	Meets thrice a year — Feb, Jun, Oct
Grey List = punishment like Black List	Grey list = country is cooperating; Black list = non-cooperative with severe risks
FATF mandate since inception includes terrorism	Terrorism financing added only in 2001
FATF Membership = 40 countries	40 members = 38 jurisdictions + 2 regional orgs

Practice MCQs

1. FATF was established during which summit?

a. G20 Summit
b. G7 Summit
c. ASEAN Summit
d. NAM Summit

Ans: B
FATF was established in 1989 during the G7 Summit in Paris.

2. FATF Plenary meets how many times per year?

a. Once
b. Twice
c. Thrice
d. Four times

Ans: C
FATF Plenary meets thrice a year — February, June, and October.

3. When did FATF expand its mandate to include Counter Proliferation Financing?

a. 1989
b. 2001
c. 2008
d. 2012

Ans: D
FATF expanded to CPF (WMD proliferation financing) in 2012.

4. Where is the FATF Secretariat located?

a. UN Headquarters, New York
b. IMF Headquarters, Washington D.C.
c. OECD Headquarters, Paris
d. World Bank, Washington D.C.

Ans: C
FATF Secretariat is housed at the OECD Headquarters in Paris.

5. Which two regional organizations are FATF members?

a. ASEAN and African Union
b. European Commission and Gulf Cooperation Council
c. SAARC and European Union
d. BRICS and SCO

Ans: B
FATF’s 40 members include 38 jurisdictions + European Commission and Gulf Cooperation Council.

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BRICS Indore Declaration: Agriculture Networks & UPSC Prelims Notes

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Why in News?

BRICS member nations unanimously adopted the ‘Indore Declaration’ — a joint agricultural charter — at the 16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting held in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The declaration aims to boost global farm cooperation among emerging economies.

Key Facts for UPSC Prelims

Meeting: 16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting
Declaration: Indore Declaration — a unanimous joint agricultural charter
India proposed the BRICS Urban Research and Knowledge Network, which was accepted by all members

Four Networks Established by the Indore Declaration

Centres of Excellence on Agro-Ecology and Regenerative Agriculture
BRICS Network on Digital Agriculture
Global Forum on Farmers’ Rights in Seed Systems
BRICS AgriN (Agro Input, Genetic Resources and Information Network)

Static/Exam Connect: BRICS — Origin and Expansion

The acronym “BRIC” was coined in 2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill to highlight the growth potential of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
South Africa joined in 2010, making it BRICS.
BRICS is an informal intergovernmental grouping — not a formal international organization or treaty-based body.
BRICS represents the Global South and challenges Western dominance in global governance.
India’s BRICS Presidency: India assumed the BRICS presidency on 1 January 2026, succeeding Brazil.

BRICS+ Expansion (Current 11 Full Members)

Category	Members
Founding Members (BRICS)	Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
New Members (joined 2024)	Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia

Quick Revision Table

Fact	Detail
Declaration Name	Indore Declaration
Meeting	16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting
Networks established	4 (+ India’s Urban Research Network accepted)
BRIC coined by	Jim O’Neill (Goldman Sachs), 2001
South Africa joined BRICS	2010
Total BRICS Members	11 (BRICS+)
India’s BRICS Presidency	From January 1, 2026
Nature of grouping	Informal, intergovernmental

Trap / Confusing Points

Common Confusion	Correct Fact
BRICS was formed with 5 members from the start	Started as BRIC (4 members); South Africa joined in 2010 making it BRICS
BRICS is a formal international organization	No — it is an informal grouping with no permanent secretariat or binding treaties
Jim O’Neill coined the term “BRICS”	He coined “BRIC” (4 countries) in 2001; “BRICS” came after SA joined in 2010
India currently holds no BRICS role	India holds BRICS presidency (from Jan 1, 2026)
New BRICS members joined in 2023	6 new members were invited in 2023 but formally joined in 2024

Practice MCQs

1. The ‘Indore Declaration’ is related to which sector of cooperation among BRICS nations?

a. Defence and Security
b. Digital Currency
c. Agriculture
d. Climate Finance

Ans: C
The Indore Declaration is a joint agricultural charter adopted at the 16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting in Indore, MP.

2. The acronym “BRIC” was coined in 2001 by:

a. World Bank
b. Jim O’Neill of Goldman Sachs
c. UN Development Programme
d. IMF

Ans: B
Jim O’Neill, an economist at Goldman Sachs, coined “BRIC” in 2001 to identify high-growth emerging economies.

3. Which of the following is NOT a founding member of BRICS?

a. Russia
b. Brazil
c. Egypt
d. South Africa

Ans: C
Egypt joined as a new member in 2024. The founding members are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

4. India assumed the BRICS Presidency on:

a. January 1, 2025
b. January 1, 2026
c. January 1, 2024
d. March 1, 2026

Ans: B
India assumed BRICS Presidency on January 1, 2026, succeeding Brazil.

5. How many new members joined BRICS in the 2024 expansion?

a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7

Ans: C
6 new members joined: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia — making total BRICS membership 11.

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BRICS Disaster Risk Reduction Meeting in Puri-Explained

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, International Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

The BRICS Technical Meeting of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group commenced in Puri, Odisha, on June 3, 2026, under India’s BRICS Presidency 2026.

The meeting is important for exams because it connects three areas:

International relations: BRICS and Global South cooperation
Disaster management: disaster risk reduction and climate resilience
Governance: Odisha’s disaster management model

Key Facts for Prelims

Point	Exam-Relevant Fact
Event	BRICS Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group technical meeting
Place	Puri, Odisha
Dates	June 3-5, 2026
Hosted under	India’s BRICS Presidency 2026
Main focus	Disaster risk reduction, climate resilience, early warning, resilient infrastructure
Why Odisha?	Known for cyclone preparedness, early warning systems, evacuation planning and disaster response
Static link	Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

Why the Puri Meeting Matters?

The Puri meeting highlights disaster risk reduction as a major area of BRICS cooperation. This is important because climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as cyclones, floods, heatwaves and droughts.

For India, the meeting is significant because:

India is holding the BRICS Chairship in 2026.
India’s BRICS theme is Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.
Disaster risk reduction fits directly under the Resilience pillar.
Odisha’s cyclone management model is being showcased internationally.

Odisha Model of Disaster Management

Odisha is frequently cited as an important case study in disaster preparedness because the state has improved its ability to manage cyclones and other natural disasters.

Important features:

Multi-hazard early warning systems
Cyclone shelters and evacuation planning
Community-level preparedness
Coordination between state agencies and local administration
Use of technology for alerts and response
Focus on reducing loss of life during cyclones

What is BRICS?

BRICS is an intergovernmental grouping of major emerging economies. It began as BRIC with Brazil, Russia, India and China. South Africa joined later, making it BRICS.

For exams, BRICS is important because it represents:

Voice of the Global South
Reform of global governance institutions
South-South cooperation
Alternative development finance through the New Development Bank
Cooperation in economy, technology, health, agriculture, climate, disaster management and security

BRICS Membership

The original BRICS members are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

Recent expansion added Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, United Arab Emirates and Indonesia.

Institutional Pillars of BRICS

New Development Bank

The New Development Bank was established by BRICS countries. The agreement for establishing the bank was signed during the 6th BRICS Summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, in 2014.

Headquarters: Shanghai, China
Focus: Infrastructure and sustainable development projects
Earlier known as: BRICS Development Bank
Membership: Open beyond BRICS countries
Exam importance: Alternative development finance institution linked to Global South

Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement was also signed in Fortaleza, Brazil, in 2014.

Purpose:

Provides financial support during short-term balance of payments pressure
Helps member countries face global liquidity shocks
Acts as a financial safety mechanism

India and BRICS 2026

India is holding the BRICS Chairship in 2026 and will host the 18th BRICS Summit in 2026.

India’s BRICS 2026 theme is Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.

India’s focus areas include disaster risk reduction, agriculture and food security, health cooperation, energy security, supply chain resilience, innovation and emerging technologies, and reform of global governance institutions.

Interconnected Static Subject: Sendai Framework

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is a global framework adopted in Sendai, Japan, in 2015.

Its four priorities are:

Understanding disaster risk
Strengthening disaster risk governance
Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and Build Back Better in recovery

Quick Revision Table

Term	Meaning	Exam Importance
BRICS	Grouping of major emerging economies	Global South, multilateral reform
Puri Meeting	BRICS DRR Working Group technical meeting	Disaster management current affairs
DRR	Disaster Risk Reduction	Reducing disaster risks before disasters occur
Odisha Model	State-level disaster preparedness model	Cyclone management case study
Sendai Framework	Global DRR framework 2015-2030	Four priorities, disaster governance
NDB	BRICS development finance institution	Infrastructure and sustainable development
CRA	BRICS financial safety mechanism	Balance of payments and liquidity support
India BRICS 2026	India’s BRICS Chairship	Resilience, innovation, cooperation, sustainability

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusing Area	Correct Understanding
BRICS vs G7	BRICS represents emerging economies; G7 represents advanced industrial economies
Disaster response vs DRR	Response happens after disaster; DRR focuses on reducing risk before disaster
NDB vs CRA	NDB funds development projects; CRA provides liquidity support
BRICS vs BIMSTEC	BRICS is a global/emerging economy grouping; BIMSTEC is a Bay of Bengal regional grouping
Sendai Framework vs Paris Agreement	Sendai deals with disaster risk reduction; Paris Agreement deals with climate change
Odisha Model	Known mainly for disaster preparedness, early warning and cyclone response
Saudi Arabia in BRICS	Membership/status should be checked with latest official/exam source due to differing reporting

Practice MCQs

1. The BRICS Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group technical meeting in June 2026 was held in which Indian city?

A. Bhubaneswar
B. Puri
C. Visakhapatnam
D. New Delhi

Answer: B. Puri

Explanation: The BRICS Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group technical meeting commenced in Puri, Odisha, on June 3, 2026.

2. The New Development Bank was established by BRICS countries through an agreement signed at which summit?

A. Durban Summit, 2013
B. Fortaleza Summit, 2014
C. Ufa Summit, 2015
D. Goa Summit, 2016

Answer: B. Fortaleza Summit, 2014

Explanation: The agreement establishing the New Development Bank was signed during the 6th BRICS Summit at Fortaleza, Brazil, in 2014.

3. The Sendai Framework is primarily related to:

A. Climate finance
B. Disaster risk reduction
C. Nuclear disarmament
D. Biodiversity conservation

Answer: B. Disaster risk reduction

Explanation: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 provides global priorities for reducing disaster risks and losses.

4. Which of the following best describes the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement?

A. A global environmental treaty
B. A defence cooperation pact
C. A financial safety mechanism for liquidity and balance of payments pressure
D. A permanent BRICS Parliament

Answer: C. A financial safety mechanism for liquidity and balance of payments pressure

Explanation: CRA was created to help BRICS countries manage short-term liquidity and balance of payments pressures.

5. Which Indian state is being highlighted for its disaster management model in connection with the BRICS DRR meeting in Puri?

A. Gujarat
B. Odisha
C. Kerala
D. Maharashtra

Answer: B. Odisha

Explanation: Odisha’s disaster management model, especially cyclone preparedness and early warning, is being showcased during the BRICS DRR meeting.

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Why is Abraham Accords 2026 Significant?

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, International Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

US President Donald Trump stated that countries such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Egypt, Turkiye, and Pakistan should normalize relations with Israel under an expanded Abraham Accords 2026 framework.

The proposal was linked to broader negotiations aimed at ending the Iran-Israel conflict in West Asia

The statement has renewed global attention on the Abraham Accords, which were originally brokered by the United States in 2020 to establish diplomatic and economic relations between Israel and Arab nations. The accords reshaped Middle East diplomacy and altered long-standing regional alignments.

Key Facts About Abraham Accords 2026

Aspect	Details
Agreement Name	Abraham Accords
Brokered By	United States
Year of Original Signing	2020
Initial Signatories	Israel, UAE, Bahrain
Later Signatories	Sudan, Morocco
Current Context	Linked by Trump to Iran peace negotiations
Core Objective	Israel normalization with Arab nations
Strategic Impact	Shift in West Asian geopolitical alliances

Formation of I2U2 Group

The Abraham Accords also contributed to the emergence of the I2U2 Group, comprising India, Israel, UAE, and the USA.

Practice MCQs

Q1. The Abraham Accords were originally signed in:
a) 2018
b) 2019
c) 2020
d) 2022

Answer: (c) — The agreements were brokered by the United States in 2020.

Q2. Which among the following was NOT an initial signatory to the Abraham Accords?
a) Israel
b) UAE
c) Bahrain
d) Morocco

Answer: (d) — Morocco joined later after the initial agreements.

Q3. The I2U2 Group includes which of the following countries?
a) India, Israel, UAE, USA
b) India, Iran, UAE, USA
c) India, Israel, UK, USA
d) India, Israel, UAE, UK

Answer: (a) — I2U2 consists of India, Israel, UAE, and the USA.

Q4. The Abraham Accords mainly relate to:
a) Nuclear disarmament
b) Climate financing
c) Israel normalization with Arab nations
d) Global trade reforms

Answer: (c) — The accords aim at normalizing relations between Israel and Arab countries.

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Why is the Lipulekh Pass Dispute 2026 in News?

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, International Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

The Lipulekh Pass Dispute has come into focus after Nepal objected to India and China planning to conduct the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra through the Lipulekh Pass. The Nepal government, led by Balen Shah, raised concerns over sovereignty and territorial claims.

What is the Lipulekh Pass Dispute?

The Lipulekh Pass Dispute revolves around differing interpretations of the India-Nepal border near the tri-junction area.

Key Points of the Dispute

Nepal claims that the Lipulekh Pass falls within its territory based on historical maps and river origins.
India maintains that the area has traditionally been under its administrative control.
The dispute intensified after India inaugurated a road to Lipulekh in 2020 to facilitate the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.
The issue also involves China, as the pass connects to Tibet (China-controlled region).

About Lipulekh Pass

Geographical Features

Located in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand.
Situated at an altitude of approximately 5,334 meters (17,500 feet).
Lies at the tri-junction of India, Nepal, and Tibet (China).
Part of the Kumaon Himalayas.

River Association

Associated with the Kali River (Mahakali/Sharda).
The river forms a major part of the India-Nepal boundary.
The origin of this river is central to the boundary dispute.

Strategic and Economic Importance

Serves as a key route for the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.
Connects India to Taklakot (Purang) in Tibet.
Holds strategic military importance due to proximity to China.
Facilitates trade and pilgrimage routes.

Historical Background: Treaty of Sugauli

The roots of the Lipulekh Pass Dispute lie in the Treaty of Sugauli.

Signed on 2 December 1815.
Agreement between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal.
Ended the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816).
Defined the Kali River as the western boundary of Nepal.

Core Issue

The dispute arises due to different interpretations of the Kali River’s origin:

Nepal claims the river originates from Limpiyadhura, placing Lipulekh within Nepal.
India considers the origin near Kalapani, placing Lipulekh within Indian territory.

Practice Questions

Which river forms the basis of the India-Nepal boundary dispute in the Lipulekh region?
a) Ganga
b) Brahmaputra
c) Kali River
d) Indus
The Treaty of Sugauli (1815) was signed between Nepal and which entity?
a) British Crown
b) East India Company
c) Mughal Empire
d) China
Lipulekh Pass is located in which Indian state?
a) Himachal Pradesh
b) Uttarakhand
c) Sikkim
d) Arunachal Pradesh
The Lipulekh Pass connects India to which Tibetan town?
a) Lhasa
b) Shigatse
c) Taklakot
d) Gyantse

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