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Environment and Ecology Current Affairs

MP to Send Tigers and Gaurs to Andhra Pradesh: Gundla Brahmeswaram Sanctuary

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Andhra Pradesh Current Affairs, Environment and Ecology Current Affairs, National Current Affairs /

Why in News?

Madhya Pradesh has agreed to provide tigers and Indian bison (gaurs) to Andhra Pradesh. AP plans to reintroduce 25โ€“30 gaurs into the Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary in the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR).

Key Facts for Prelims

Madhya Pradesh & Tiger Census

  • MP had 785 tigers as per the 2022 All India Tiger Estimation โ€” highest tiger population of any state

Gundla Brahmeswaram (GBM) Wildlife Sanctuary

  • Location: Nallamala Hills, Eastern Ghats โ€” Kurnool and Prakasam districts, Andhra Pradesh
  • Hill Passes: Between Mantralamma Kanuma and Nandi Kanuma
  • River: Gundlakamma River โ€” perennial water source
  • Endemic Species: Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat โ€” found only in this region
  • Part of: Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR)

Quick Revision Table

ParameterDetail
State with highest tigers (2022)Madhya Pradesh (785 tigers)
SanctuaryGundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary
LocationNallamala Hills, Eastern Ghats (Kurnool & Prakasam, AP)
Tiger ReserveNagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR)
RiverGundlakamma River
Endemic speciesLesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat
Animals to be reintroduced25โ€“30 gaurs (Indian bison)

Trap / Confusing Points

ConfusionCorrect Fact
Gaur = American BisonGaur is the Indian Bison โ€” different from American bison
GBM is in TelanganaGBM is in Andhra Pradesh (Kurnool and Prakasam districts)
NSTR is only in APNSTR spans both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
MP has 500 tigers (2022 census)MP had 785 tigers in 2022 โ€” highest in India
GBM is in Western GhatsGBM is in the Eastern Ghats (Nallamala Hills)

Practice MCQs

1. As per 2022 tiger estimation, which state has the highest tiger population?

a. Uttarakhand
b. Karnataka
c. Madhya Pradesh
d. Maharashtra

Ans: C
Madhya Pradesh had 785 tigers in the 2022 census โ€” highest for any state.

2. Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary is part of which tiger reserve?

a. Amrabad Tiger Reserve
b. Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
c. Satpura Tiger Reserve
d. Simlipal Tiger Reserve

Ans: B
GBM Wildlife Sanctuary lies within the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR).

3. GBM Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which hill range?

a. Shevaroy Hills
b. Cardamom Hills
c. Nallamala Hills
d. Papi Hills

Ans: C
GBM is in the Nallamallai Hill ranges of the Eastern Ghats in Kurnool and Prakasam districts of AP.

4. The endemic species uniquely found in GBM Wildlife Sanctuary?

a. Indian Star Tortoise
b. Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat
c. Slender Loris
d. Indian Giant Squirrel

Ans: B
The Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat is a rare mammal found only in the Gundla Brahmeswaram region.

5. Which river provides a perennial water source in GBM Wildlife Sanctuary?

a. Krishna River
b. Tungabhadra River
c. Gundlakamma River
d. Penna River

Ans: C
The Gundlakamma River is a perennial water source crisscrossing the sanctuary.

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World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought: June 17

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Why in News?

The World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is observed globally on June 17 every year. The day commemorates the adoption of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).

Key Facts for Prelims: UNCCD

  • Origin: Conceived at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit (UNCED)
  • Formally Adopted: 1994 in Paris
  • Came into Force: 1996
  • Significance: The only legally binding international agreement linking environmental conservation directly to sustainable land management
  • Focus: Addresses desertification, land degradation, and drought (DLDD)
  • India’s Target: Restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 โ€” Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)

The Three Rio Conventions (1992)

ConventionFocusAdoptedIn Force
UNCCDDesertification, Land Degradation, Drought19941996
UNFCCCClimate Change19921994
CBDBiodiversity Conservation19921993

Trap / Confusing Points

ConfusionCorrect Fact
UNCCD was adopted at Rio 1992UNCCD was conceived at Rio 1992 but formally adopted in 1994 in Paris
Desertification Day is June 5June 5 = World Environment Day; June 17 = Desertification and Drought Day
UNCCD focuses on climate changeUNCCD focuses on desertification, land degradation, drought; UNFCCC handles climate change
India targets 30 million ha restorationIndia’s target is 26 million hectares by 2030

Practice MCQs

1. World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is observed on which date?

a. June 5
b. June 8
c. June 17
d. June 21

Ans: C
June 17 commemorates the adoption of UNCCD.

2. UNCCD was formally adopted in which year and city?

a. 1992, Rio de Janeiro
b. 1994, Paris
c. 1996, New York
d. 2000, Bonn

Ans: B
UNCCD was formally adopted in 1994 in Paris.

3. UNCCD is the only legally binding agreement linking environmental conservation to?

a. Renewable energy targets
b. Sustainable land management
c. Marine biodiversity protection
d. Climate financing

Ans: B
UNCCD uniquely links environmental conservation to sustainable land management.

4. India’s target for restoration of degraded land under LDN?

a. 15 million hectares
b. 20 million hectares
c. 26 million hectares
d. 30 million hectares

Ans: C
India committed to restoring 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030.

5. Which Rio Convention focuses on desertification and land degradation?

a. UNFCCC
b. CBD
c. UNCCD
d. Ramsar Convention

Ans: C
UNCCD specifically addresses desertification, land degradation, and drought.

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Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary: Safari Tours & Key Facts for UPSC

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Environment and Ecology Current Affairs, Telangana Current Affairs /

Why in News?

The Telangana Forest Department has announced plans to launch safari tours at Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary near Paloncha in Kothagudem district, boosting eco-tourism in the region.

Key Facts: Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary

  • Location: Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana (erstwhile Khammam district)
  • River Basin: Located on the right bank of the Godavari River
  • Total Area: Approximately 635.4 sq km
  • Parent Forest Region: Integral part of the historic Dandakaranya Forest
  • Kinnerasani River: A perennial river flowing through the sanctuary; a major tributary of the Godavari River
  • Located near Paloncha town in Kothagudem district

Static/Exam Connect: Protected Areas in India

  • Wildlife Sanctuaries declared under Section 26A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
  • National Parks declared under Section 35 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
  • Key difference: In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited human activities (like grazing) may be permitted; in a National Park, no such activities are allowed.
  • Dandakaranya Forest: One of the largest forest tracts in Central India, spanning Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Named in the Ramayana.
  • Godavari River: Longest river in Peninsular India (~1,465 km); originates at Trimbakeshwar, Nashik, Maharashtra.

Other Important Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana

  • Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary โ€” known for tigers and leopards
  • Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary โ€” part of the Dandakaranya region
  • Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary โ€” core area under Project Tiger
  • Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve โ€” largest tiger reserve in India by area

Quick Revision Table

FactDetail
Sanctuary NameKinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary
StateTelangana
DistrictBhadradri Kothagudem
River (flows through)Kinnerasani River (tributary of Godavari)
River BankRight bank of Godavari
Area~635.4 sq km
Parent Forest RegionDandakaranya Forest
Largest Tiger Reserve in IndiaNagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
WPA Section for SanctuarySection 26A, Wildlife Protection Act 1972

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
Kinnerasani is in Khammam districtAfter bifurcation, it is in Bhadradri Kothagudem district (erstwhile Khammam)
Kinnerasani River is a tributary of KrishnaIt is a tributary of the Godavari River
Wildlife Sanctuaries allow no human activityNational Parks disallow human activity; Sanctuaries can permit limited activities
Dandakaranya is only in ChhattisgarhDandakaranya spans Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, AP, and Maharashtra

Practice MCQs

1. Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which district of Telangana?

a. Warangal
b. Bhadradri Kothagudem
c. Adilabad
d. Nizamabad

Ans: B
Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary is in Bhadradri Kothagudem district (formerly part of Khammam district).

2. The Kinnerasani River, which flows through the sanctuary, is a tributary of:

a. Krishna River
b. Mahanadi River
c. Godavari River
d. Tungabhadra River

Ans: C
The Kinnerasani is a perennial river that is a major tributary of the Godavari.

3. Wildlife Sanctuaries in India are declared under which Section of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972?

a. Section 18
b. Section 26A
c. Section 35
d. Section 38

Ans: B
Section 26A deals with Wildlife Sanctuaries; Section 35 covers National Parks. Section 38 deals with Tiger Reserves.

4. The Dandakaranya Forest region, of which Kinnerasani is a part, spans across:

a. Only Chhattisgarh and Odisha
b. Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, AP, and Maharashtra
c. MP, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand
d. Telangana, AP, and Karnataka

Ans: B
Dandakaranya is one of Central India’s largest forest tracts, spanning five states.

5. Which is the largest tiger reserve in India by area?

a. Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve
b. Kaziranga National Park
c. Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
d. Bandipur Tiger Reserve

Ans: C
Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Telangana/AP is the largest tiger reserve in India by area (~3,728 sq km).

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India Launches E85 Flex-Fuel on World Environment Day 2026

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Why in News?

India launched E85 fuel on the occasion of World Environment Day 2026 (June 5), marking a major step in the country’s ethanol blending and clean energy transition programme under the National Biofuel Policy.

What is E85 Fuel? Key Facts for Prelims

E85 is a high-ethanol biofuel blend consisting of 85% ethanol and 14โ€“15% petrol (gasoline). It is distinct from the standard E20 petrol that contains up to 20% ethanol mixed with 80% conventional petrol.

  • E20: 20% ethanol + 80% conventional petrol
  • E85: 85% ethanol + 14โ€“15% petrol โ€” engineered for Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) only
  • Regular petrol vehicles cannot run on E85 โ€” requires specially designed FFVs
  • Ethanol in E85 is a renewable biofuel, primarily produced from sugarcane, maize, and other biomass

What are Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs)?

FFVs are vehicles with internal combustion engines designed to run on more than one fuel, typically petrol mixed with large quantities of methanol or ethanol. India’s promotion of FFVs aligns with its broader Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) goals.

Interconnected Static Concepts

India’s Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP)

  • India’s target: 20% ethanol blending (E20) by 2025 (timeline advanced from 2030)
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
  • Feedstocks: sugarcane juice, B-heavy molasses, C-heavy molasses, damaged food grains, surplus rice, maize
  • India is the 3rd largest ethanol producer globally

National Policy on Biofuels 2018 (Amended 2022)

  • Categorizes biofuels: Basic Biofuels (1G) and Advanced Biofuels (2G, 3G, 4G)
  • Expanded permissible feedstocks for ethanol production
  • Aims to reduce import dependency on crude oil and cut carbon emissions

World Environment Day 2026

  • Observed every year on June 5
  • Led by: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  • UNEP HQ: Nairobi, Kenya
  • Theme 2026: “Inspired by Nature. For Climate. For Our Future.”
  • First World Environment Day: 1974

Quick Revision Table

ParameterKey Fact
E85 Composition85% Ethanol + 14โ€“15% Petrol
E20 Composition20% Ethanol + 80% Petrol
Vehicle Required for E85Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) only
India EBP Target20% blending (E20) by 2025
Nodal Ministry (EBP)Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
World Environment DayJune 5 (Annual)
WED Lead AgencyUNEP โ€” HQ: Nairobi, Kenya
WED 2026 Theme“Inspired by Nature. For Climate. For Our Future.”
India’s Global Ethanol Rank3rd largest producer
National Biofuel Policy2018 (Amended 2022)

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
E85 can be used in all petrol vehiclesโŒ Only in Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs)
E20 = 20% petrol, 80% ethanolโŒ E20 = 20% ethanol + 80% petrol
India’s EBP target year is 2030โŒ Advanced to 2025 for E20
World Environment Day is led by WHOโŒ Led by UNEP (not WHO)
WED is observed on April 22โŒ June 5 (April 22 = Earth Day)
E85 has 80% ethanolโŒ E85 = 85% ethanol + 14โ€“15% petrol

Practice MCQs

1. Which of the following correctly describes E85 fuel?
a. 85% petrol and 15% ethanol
b. 85% ethanol and 14โ€“15% petrol
c. 80% ethanol and 20% diesel
d. 85% CNG and 15% petrol

Ans: B
E85 is a high-ethanol blend containing 85% ethanol and 14โ€“15% petrol, exclusively designed for Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs). It is not suitable for regular petrol vehicles.

2. World Environment Day is observed on which date every year?
a. April 22
b. June 5
c. July 11
d. March 22

Ans: B
June 5 is World Environment Day, led by UNEP. April 22 = Earth Day; July 11 = World Population Day; March 22 = World Water Day.

3. Which agency leads the observance of World Environment Day globally?
a. World Health Organization (WHO)
b. UNESCO
c. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
d. UNFCCC

Ans: C
UNEP, headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, leads World Environment Day. It was established in 1972 following the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment.

4. Under India’s Ethanol Blending Programme, the E20 target was advanced to which year?
a. 2030
b. 2035
c. 2025
d. 2028

Ans: C
India advanced its E20 blending target (20% ethanol in petrol) from 2030 to 2025, aiming to reduce crude oil import dependency and cut carbon emissions.

5. What type of vehicle is required to run on E85 fuel?
a. Electric Vehicles (EVs)
b. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicles
c. Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs)
d. Any standard petrol vehicle

Ans: C
E85 requires Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) โ€” engines specially designed to run on variable fuel blends including high-ethanol mixes. Standard petrol engines cannot use E85 without modification.

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India’s 100th Ramsar Site: Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary, UP โ€“ UPSC Prelims

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Why in News?

India officially crossed the milestone of 100 Ramsar Sites on World Environment Day (June 5, 2026) with the designation of Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary (Surha Tal) in Uttar Pradesh. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced this milestone, highlighting India’s growth from 26 Ramsar Sites in 2014 to 100 in 2026. India now ranks 3rd globally in total Ramsar Sites.

Key Facts for Prelims

  • India’s 100th Ramsar Site: Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary (Surha Tal), Uttar Pradesh.
  • Designated on World Environment Day, June 5, 2026.
  • India’s Ramsar count grew from 26 (2014) to 100 (2026).
  • Global Ranking (Ramsar Sites): India is 3rd โ€” behind UK (176 sites) and Mexico (144 sites).
  • The Ramsar Convention is the international treaty on the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
  • Full name: Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat.
  • Named after Ramsar, Iran where it was signed in 1971.
  • India acceded to the Ramsar Convention in 1982.

World Environment Day โ€“ Exam Static

  • Celebrated annually on June 5.
  • Established in 1972 by the UN General Assembly during the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment.
  • Principal organiser: UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme).
  • Theme 2026: “Inspired by Nature. For Climate. For Our Future”.
  • Stockholm Conference (1972) = first major global environmental conference โ€” led to creation of UNEP.

Interconnected Exam Concepts

  • Montreux Record: A list of Ramsar sites where ecological character has changed, is changing, or is likely to change due to human interference.
  • Wetlands: Under Indian law, regulated by the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
  • Nodal Body in India for Ramsar Sites: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
  • Ramsar COP14: Held in Wuhan, China (2022).

Quick Revision Table

ParameterKey Fact
India’s 100th Ramsar SiteJai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary (Surha Tal), UP
India’s Ramsar count in 201426 sites
India’s current Ramsar count100 sites
India’s global rank (Ramsar)3rd (after UK-176, Mexico-144)
Ramsar Convention signed1971, Ramsar, Iran
India joined Ramsar1982
World Environment DayJune 5 every year
WED established1972, Stockholm Conference
WED OrganiserUNEP
WED 2026 Theme“Inspired by Nature. For Climate. For Our Future”
Nodal Ministry (Ramsar, India)MoEFCC

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
Ramsar Convention was signed in 1972Signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. Stockholm Conference was in 1972.
India has most Ramsar sites globallyIndia is 3rd; UK leads with 176 sites
India joined Ramsar in 1971India acceded in 1982, not 1971
World Environment Day was established at Rio SummitEstablished at Stockholm Conference, 1972. Rio Earth Summit was 1992.
Montreux Record = Ramsar Sites of IndiaMontreux Record covers Ramsar sites globally facing ecological threats, not exclusive to India

Practice MCQs

1. Which wetland was designated as India’s 100th Ramsar Site?

a. Chilika Lake, Odisha
b. Loktak Lake, Manipur
c. Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary (Surha Tal), Uttar Pradesh
d. Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmir

Ans: C
Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary (also known as Surha Tal) in Uttar Pradesh was designated as India’s 100th Ramsar Site on World Environment Day, June 5, 2026.

2. In what year was the Ramsar Convention signed and where?

a. 1972, Stockholm, Sweden
b. 1971, Ramsar, Iran
c. 1982, Nairobi, Kenya
d. 1992, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ans: B
The Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. India acceded to it in 1982.

3. As of 2026, which country has the highest number of Ramsar Sites globally?

a. India
b. Mexico
c. United Kingdom
d. China

Ans: C
The United Kingdom leads globally with 176 Ramsar Sites, followed by Mexico (144), and India ranks 3rd with 100 sites.

4. World Environment Day is observed on which date and was established during which conference?

a. June 5; Rio Earth Summit 1992
b. June 5; Stockholm Conference 1972
c. April 22; Stockholm Conference 1972
d. June 5; Kyoto Protocol 1997

Ans: B
World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5 every year, established in 1972 during the Stockholm Conference. April 22 is Earth Day.

5. What is the “Montreux Record” in the context of the Ramsar Convention?

a. A list of new wetlands proposed for Ramsar designation
b. A record of Ramsar sites where ecological character has changed or is likely to change due to human interference
c. A financial fund to conserve Ramsar wetlands
d. Annual progress report on global wetland conservation

Ans: B
The Montreux Record lists Ramsar sites globally where ecological character has changed, is changing, or is likely to change due to human interference โ€” signalling sites needing urgent attention.

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APCNF Wins 2026 Food Planet Prize

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Andhra Pradesh Current Affairs, Environment and Ecology Current Affairs, Indian Polity and Constitution MCQs /

Why in News?

APCNF Food Planet Prize became important for exams after Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming won the 2026 Food Planet Prize, a major global environmental award for food-system transformation.

Key Facts for Prelims

  • APCNF stands for Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming.
  • It is implemented through Rythu Sadhikara Samstha (RySS).
  • The programme promotes chemical-free, community-led and climate-resilient farming.
  • The Food Planet Prize is given by the Curt Bergfors Foundation.
  • The 2026 award carries USD 1.5 million for the winner.

What is the Food Planet Prize?

The Food Planet Prize is a global environmental award focused on transforming food systems. It was established by Swedish entrepreneur and philanthropist Curt Bergfors through the Curt Bergfors Foundation.

What is APCNF?

APCNF is a women-led agroecology and natural farming programme launched in Andhra Pradesh in 2016. It encourages farmers to move away from synthetic fertilisers and pesticides towards nature-based farming.

Static Link: Natural Farming and Agroecology

  • Natural farming: Reduces dependence on external chemical inputs.
  • Agroecology: Applies ecological principles to farming systems.
  • Climate resilience: Improves soil health, water retention and local resilience.
  • Women collectives: Important for community mobilisation and last-mile adoption.

Quick Revision Table

TermExam Meaning
APCNFAndhra Pradesh model of community-led natural farming
RySSState institution implementing APCNF
Food Planet PrizeEnvironmental award for food-system transformation
AgroecologyEcology-based approach to agriculture
Natural farmingFarming with reduced chemical dependence

Trap / Confusing Points

ConfusionCorrect Point
APCNF vs organic farmingAPCNF is a specific Andhra Pradesh community-managed natural farming programme.
Food Planet Prize vs World Food PrizeFood Planet Prize focuses on environmental transformation of food systems.
RySS vs ICARRySS is Andhra Pradesh’s implementation body for APCNF.

Practice MCQs

1. APCNF is mainly associated with which sector?
A. Defence B. Agriculture C. Space D. Banking
Answer: B

2. Food Planet Prize is linked to transformation of:
A. Food systems B. Election systems C. Tax systems D. Defence systems
Answer: A

3. RySS is associated with:
A. Natural farming B. Missile defence C. Legal aid D. BRICS finance
Answer: A

4. APCNF is best described as:
A. Chemical-intensive farming B. Community-managed natural farming C. Irrigation treaty D. MSP scheme
Answer: B

5. Agroecology means:
A. Ecology-based farming B. Digital currency C. Air defence D. Court reform
Answer: A

Exam Takeaway

APCNF should be studied as a model linking agriculture, environment, climate resilience, women-led collectives and sustainable development.

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India has emerged as the global leader in issuing Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs) under the Nagoya Protocol

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Why in News?

India has emerged as the global leader in issuing Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs) under the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS).

Nagoya Protocol

Core Exam-Oriented Analysis

The Nagoya Protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.

  • Its primary objective is to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.

Key Features of the Nagoya Protocol

  • Adopted in 2010 at Nagoya, Japan.
  • Came into force in 2014.
  • Functions under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
  • Focuses on:
    • Access to genetic resources
    • Benefit-sharing mechanisms
    • Protection of indigenous and local community knowledge

What are IRCCs?

Internationally Recognized Certificates of Compliance (IRCCs) are official digital permits issued under the Nagoya Protocol.

These certificates confirm that:

  • Genetic resources were accessed legally.
  • Prior Informed Consent (PIC) was obtained.
  • Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) were established.

IRCCs help prevent biopiracy and ensure that local communities receive benefits from the commercial use of biological resources and traditional knowledge.

Indiaโ€™s Institutional Framework under Biological Diversity Act, 2002

India implemented the CBD and Nagoya Protocol through the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The institutional mechanism setup under this act is

1. National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)

  • Statutory authority headquartered in Chennai.
  • Grants approvals for access to biological resources by:
    • Foreign individuals
    • Foreign companies
    • NRIs

2. State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs)

  • Operate at the state level.
  • Regulate commercial utilization of biological resources within states.

3. Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)

  • Established by local bodies such as panchayats and municipalities.
  • Prepare Peopleโ€™s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs).
  • Protect traditional knowledge and ensure benefit-sharing for local communities.

Prelims Booster:

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted during the Rio Earth Summit, 1992.

It has three major objectives:

  1. Conservation of biodiversity
  2. Sustainable use of biological resources
  3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources

India is a party to the CBD.

Important Concepts for Exams

Biopiracy

Unauthorized commercial exploitation of biological resources or traditional knowledge without compensation to indigenous communities.

Peopleโ€™s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs)

These are detailed records documenting:

  • Local flora and fauna
  • Traditional medicinal knowledge
  • Indigenous conservation practices

PBRs are maintained by Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs).

The Exam Trap

  • The Trap: The examiner may state that the Nagoya Protocol was adopted during the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.
  • The Fact: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted in 1992, while the Nagoya Protocol was adopted later in 2010 in Japan.
  • The Trap: Questions may confuse the roles of NBA and State Biodiversity Boards.
  • The Fact: The NBA handles access requests from foreign entities, while SBBs regulate commercial utilization within states.

Question 1: Current Affairs Focus

Which of the following statements regarding the Nagoya Protocol is correct?

  • A) It was adopted during the Stockholm Conference of 1972
  • B) It focuses on fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources
  • C) It deals exclusively with climate finance
  • D) It is administered by the World Trade Organization

Correct Answer: B

Detailed Explanation:
The Nagoya Protocol is a supplementary agreement under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It specifically addresses the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. It was adopted in 2010 in Nagoya, Japan. Therefore, Option B is correct.

  • Option A is incorrect because the Stockholm Conference dealt mainly with environmental protection.
  • Option C is incorrect because climate finance is linked more with UNFCCC mechanisms.
  • Option D is incorrect because the protocol functions under CBD, not WTO.

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Renewable Energy Practice Questions

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Renewable energy practice questions are important for UPSC, APPSC, TGPSC and State PSC exams. These questions cover solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, bioenergy, clean energy technologies and sustainable energy sources for quick revision.

1. Renewable energy is defined as energy from?

 
 
 
 

2. Largest source of renewable electricity globally?

 
 
 
 

3. Photovoltaic cells convert?

 
 
 
 

4. India’s renewable energy target for 2030?

 
 
 
 

5. India achieved 175 GW renewable target originally for?

 
 
 
 

6. National Solar Mission launched under?

 
 
 
 

7. PM-KUSUM scheme relates to?

 
 
 
 

8. Largest solar park in India?

 
 
 
 

9. Pavagada Solar Park located in?

 
 
 
 

10. Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Park in?

 
 
 
 

11. Wind energy potential highest in which Indian state?

 
 
 
 

12. India’s first offshore wind project planned in?

 
 
 
 

13. Hydropower classified as renewable but large dams criticized for?

 
 
 
 

14. Small hydro in India defined as up to?

 
 
 
 

15. Pumped storage hydropower used for?

 
 
 
 

16. Biomass energy in India mainly from?

 
 
 
 

17. Biogasไธป่ฆ component?

 
 
 
 

18. GOBARdhan scheme promotes?

 
 
 
 

19. Geothermal energy in India potential site?

 
 
 
 

20. Tidal energy potential in India at?

 
 
 
 

21. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion uses?

 
 
 
 

22. Green hydrogen produced by?

 
 
 
 

23. National Green Hydrogen Mission India target 2030?

 
 
 
 

24. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for solar in India now?

 
 
 
 

25. Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) mandates?

 
 
 
 

26. International Solar Alliance HQ?

 
 
 
 

27. ISA launched by India and?

 
 
 
 

28. One Sun One World One Grid initiative by?

 
 
 
 

29. Wind turbine capacity factor in India typically?

 
 
 
 

30. Solar capacity factor in India?

 
 
 
 

31. Largest renewable energy producer country?

 
 
 
 

32. India ranks globally in renewable capacity?

 
 
 
 

33. Net metering allows?

 
 
 
 

34. Floating solar advantages?

 
 
 
 

35. Largest floating solar in India?

 
 
 
 

36. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) uses?

 
 
 
 

37. Main barrier for renewable integration?

 
 
 
 

38. Battery storage helps renewables by?

 
 
 
 

39. India’s first green hydrogen plant?

 
 
 
 

40. Renewable energy share in India’s electricity mix 2024?

 
 
 
 

41. UDAY scheme relates to?

 
 
 
 

42. Feed-in Tariff is?

 
 
 
 

43. Which state leads in rooftop solar?

 
 
 
 

44. Offshore wind advantage over onshore?

 
 
 
 

45. Bio-CNG produced from?

 
 
 
 

46. Ethanol blending target India 2025?

 
 
 
 

47. Second-generation biofuels use?

 
 
 
 

48. Renewable energy certificates (RECs) are?

 
 
 
 

49. Solar rooftop subsidy in India via?

 
 
 
 

50. Main environmental benefit of renewables?

 
 
 
 


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Renewable Energy Practice Questions

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Why is the International Big Cat Alliance Summit in News?

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Environment and Ecology Current Affairs /

India will host the inaugural International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) Summit from June 1โ€“3, 2026 in New Delhi. Around 95 countries are expected to participate in the event.

  • The International Big Cat Alliance Summit is likely to adopt the first-ever global declaration on big cat conservation, called the Delhi Declaration.
  • The declaration aims to strengthen international cooperation, encourage landscape-based conservation, and improve protection of big cat habitats across borders.
International Big cat alliance summit

What is the International Big Cat Alliance Summit?

The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is a treaty-based intergovernmental organisation headquartered in New Delhi. It was established to promote global cooperation for the conservation of seven major big cat species.

Big Cat Species Covered Under IBCA

Big Cat SpeciesScientific/Regional Importance
TigerIndia hosts the worldโ€™s largest tiger population
LionAsiatic lions found mainly in Gujarat
LeopardWidely distributed across Asia and Africa
Snow LeopardFound in Himalayan regions
CheetahReintroduced in India under Project Cheetah
JaguarNative to the Americas
PumaAlso known as cougar or mountain lion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)?

The IBCA is a treaty-based intergovernmental organisation headquartered in New Delhi that focuses on global conservation of seven major big cat species.

Which animals are covered under IBCA?

Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma are covered under the alliance.

What is the Delhi Declaration?

The Delhi Declaration is a proposed global declaration on big cat conservation expected to be adopted during the 2026 IBCA Summit.

Where is the IBCA headquartered?

The headquarters of the IBCA is located in New Delhi, India.

Why are big cats important for biodiversity conservation?

Big cats are apex predators and umbrella species. Their conservation helps protect forests, ecosystems, and other wildlife species.

Practice Questions

  1. Which of the following species is NOT covered under the International Big Cat Alliance?
    a) Jaguar
    b) Puma
    c) Wolf
    d) Snow Leopard
  2. The headquarters of the International Big Cat Alliance is located in:
    a) Nairobi
    b) Geneva
    c) New Delhi
    d) Kathmandu
  3. What is the proposed declaration expected from the inaugural IBCA Summit?
    a) Rio Declaration
    b) Delhi Declaration
    c) Kyoto Declaration
    d) Nairobi Protocol
  4. Which ministry-related theme is most associated with the International Big Cat Alliance?
    a) Renewable Energy
    b) Wildlife Conservation
    c) Maritime Security
    d) Space Research

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INCOIS Wins Disaster Management Award 2025

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Why Did INCOIS Win the Disaster Management Award 2025?

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has been honoured with the prestigious Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar (SCBAPP) 2025. This award recognizes its exceptional role in disaster management, especially in providing early warning systems for ocean-related hazards.

Key Highlights at a Glance

  • Award: Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar (SCBAPP) 2025
  • Recipient: INCOIS (Institutional Category)
  • Announced on: January 23, 2025 (Birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose)
  • Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)
  • Category: Institutional Award for outstanding disaster management

About INCOIS

  • Full Form: Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
  • Established under: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)
  • Headquarters: Hyderabad
  • Nature: Autonomous organization

Key Functions:

INCOIS provides life-saving early warning services for tsunamis, storm surges, and high waves. It serves fishermen, coastal communities, and disaster management agencies with real-time ocean information. Its ocean state forecast system and potential fishing zone advisories have made it a critical institution for marine safety and disaster risk reduction across the Indian coastline.

About Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar (SCBAPP)

The SCBAPP is a national award instituted by the Government of India to honor individuals and organizations for outstanding contributions to disaster management in India.

Key Features:

  • Announced on: January 23 every year
  • Occasion: Birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
  • Categories: Individual and Institutional
  • Cash Prize (Institutional): โ‚น51 lakh
  • Cash Prize (Individual): โ‚น15 lakh
  • Administered by: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

Significance of INCOIS Winning SCBAPP 2025

India has one of the longest coastlines in the world โ€” over 7,500 km โ€” making ocean disaster preparedness critical. INCOIS’s early warning systems have directly saved thousands of lives by alerting coastal communities before tsunamis and cyclones strike. Its advanced Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) advisories also help fishermen avoid dangerous sea conditions, reducing accidental deaths at sea. Winning the SCBAPP 2025 underlines the government’s recognition of science-backed disaster management.

Exam Relevance โ€” APPSC, TSPSC & UPSC

This topic is highly relevant for APPSC Group 1, Group 2, TGPSC Group 1, and UPSC Prelims and Mains across the following areas: Science & Technology (Ocean Services), Disaster Management, Awards & Honours (Current Affairs), and Environment & Ecology. Expect questions on the full form of INCOIS, the ministry it falls under, the prize amount of SCBAPP, and the date of announcement.

Practice Questions

  1. Which organization won the Subhas Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar 2025? (Ans: INCOIS)
  2. INCOIS is an autonomous body under which ministry? (Ans: Ministry of Earth Sciences)
  3. On which date is the SCBAPP announced every year? (Ans: January 23)
  4. What is the cash prize for the Institutional category of SCBAPP? (Ans: โ‚น51 lakh)
  5. Where is the headquarters of INCOIS? (Ans: Hyderabad)

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