๐งฌ Chapter 04 ยท Key Technology Sectors ยท General Science
Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering
GM crops, stem cells, CRISPR, vaccines, India’s biotech policy, biodiversity patents. Complete UPSC & PSC notes.
6
Sub-Topics
10
Practice MCQs
10
PYQs
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High Weightage
๐ What You Will Learn in This Chapter
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Biotechnology basics โ DNA, genes, cloning
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GM crops โ Bt cotton, Golden Rice
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CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology
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Stem cells โ types and applications
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Vaccines โ types, COVID-19 vaccines
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India’s biotech policy, biodiversity patents
๐ฏ Exam Relevance โ This chapter appears in:
UPSC Prelims (2โ3 Qs/year)APPSC Group 1 & 2TGPSC Group 1 & 2SSC CGL / CHSLState PSC Exams
๐ Chapter Sub-Topics โ Click to Read
Topic 01
Biotechnology Basics
DNA structure, genes, recombinant DNA technology, PCR, gel electrophoresis, cloning.
Topic 02
GM Crops & Agricultural Biotech
Bt cotton (India’s only approved GM crop); Golden Rice; GM mustard controversy; GEAC approval.
Topic 03
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing
How CRISPR works; applications in medicine, agriculture; ethical concerns; Nobel Prize 2020.
Topic 04
Stem Cells & Cloning
Embryonic vs adult stem cells; iPSCs; therapeutic cloning; Dolly the sheep; India’s stem cell policy.
Topic 05
Vaccines & COVID-19
Types of vaccines; Covaxin, Covishield, mRNA vaccines; India’s vaccine programme; GAVI.
Topic 06
Biotech Policy & Revision
India’s National Biotechnology Development Strategy; biodiversity patents; biopiracy; CBD; complete revision.
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