🌐 Chapter 09 · Laws & Conventions · Environment & Ecology

International Environmental Conventions

UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, Kyoto Protocol, CITES, Basel Convention, Stockholm Declaration — complete UPSC & PSC notes.

📅 UPSC Prelims📋 APPSC Group 1 & 2📋 TGPSC Group 1 & 2⏱️ ~45 min read🎯 Very High Weightage

Sub-Topics

Practice MCQs

PYQs

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Very High

✅ Stockholm Declaration (1972) — first environmental conference

✅ UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement

✅ CBD, Nagoya Protocol, Cartagena Protocol

✅ CITES — trade in endangered species

✅ Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm Conventions

✅ Ramsar, Bonn, Vienna Conventions

📚 Chapter Sub-Topics — Click to Read

Topic 01

Stockholm to Rio — Early Conventions

Stockholm Declaration (1972); UNEP; Earth Summit (1992); Agenda 21; Rio Declaration; Rio+20.

Topic 02

Climate Conventions

UNFCCC (1992); Kyoto Protocol (1997); Copenhagen Accord (2009); Paris Agreement (2015); COP meetings.

Topic 03

Biodiversity Conventions

CBD (1992); Nagoya Protocol (2010); Cartagena Protocol (2000); CITES (1973); Bonn Convention.

Topic 04

Chemicals & Waste Conventions

Basel Convention (1989) — hazardous waste; Rotterdam Convention (1998) — chemicals; Stockholm Convention (2001) — POPs.

Topic 05

Ozone & Other Conventions

Vienna Convention (1985); Montreal Protocol (1987); Kigali Amendment (2016); Ramsar Convention (1971).

Topic 06

Complete Revision

All conventions — year, HQ, India’s status; key facts; complete revision checklist for exams.

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