🦋 Chapter 02 · Ecology Fundamentals · Environment & Ecology

Biodiversity

Types of biodiversity, hotspots, endemic species, threatened species, CBD — complete UPSC & PSC notes.

📅 UPSC Prelims📋 APPSC Group 1 & 2📋 TGPSC Group 1 & 2⏱️ ~45 min read🎯 Very High Weightage

Sub-Topics

Practice MCQs

PYQs

⭐⭐⭐

Very High

✅ Types of biodiversity — genetic, species, ecosystem

✅ Biodiversity hotspots — India’s 4 hotspots

✅ Endemic species — India’s unique species

✅ IUCN Red List categories

✅ Threats to biodiversity — HIPPO

✅ CBD, Nagoya Protocol, in-situ & ex-situ conservation

UPSC Prelims (3–4 Qs/year)APPSC Group 1 & 2TGPSC Group 1 & 2SSC CGL / CHSLState PSC Exams

📚 Chapter Sub-Topics — Click to Read

Topic 01

Types of Biodiversity

Genetic, species, ecosystem biodiversity; India’s biodiversity status; megadiverse country.

Topic 02

Biodiversity Hotspots

Norman Myers’ hotspots; India’s 4 hotspots — Western Ghats, Himalayas, Indo-Burma, Sundaland.

Topic 03

Endemic & Threatened Species

Endemic species of India; IUCN Red List categories — CR, EN, VU; India’s critically endangered species.

Topic 04

Threats to Biodiversity

HIPPO — Habitat loss, Invasive species, Pollution, Population, Overexploitation; extinction crisis.

Topic 05

Conservation of Biodiversity

In-situ conservation (national parks, sanctuaries); ex-situ conservation (zoos, seed banks, gene banks).

Topic 06

CBD & Revision

Convention on Biological Diversity (1992); Nagoya Protocol; Cartagena Protocol; complete revision.

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