Science & Technology
Space, defence, biotech, IT and India’s major technology milestones
10 ChaptersAPPSCTGPSC
Science & Technology
Chapter-wise Study Notes
Click any chapter to read notes, key points and attempt practice questions
Key Technology Sectors
CHAPTER 01
Space Technology & ISRO
ISRO missions — Chandrayaan, Mangalyaan, Gaganyaan; launch vehicles; GPS & NAVIC
CHAPTER 02
Defence Technology & DRDO
Missiles — Agni, Prithvi, BrahMos; fighter jets; DRDO achievements; nuclear doctrine
CHAPTER 03
Nuclear Technology
Nuclear reactors, nuclear fuel cycle, India’s nuclear programme, NPT, CTBT
CHAPTER 04
Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering
GM crops, stem cells, CRISPR, vaccines, India’s biotech policy, biodiversity patents
CHAPTER 05
Information Technology & Cybersecurity
Internet, cloud computing, AI & ML basics, cybercrime, India’s IT industry, Digital India
Recent Developments & Applied Science
CHAPTER 01
Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
AI applications in governance, healthcare, agriculture; India AI Mission; ethical AI
CHAPTER 02
Health Technology & Pharmaceuticals
Vaccine development, generic medicines, AYUSH, telemedicine, India’s pharma exports
CHAPTER 03
Nanotechnology & Material Science
Applications in medicine, electronics, energy; India’s nanotechnology initiatives
CHAPTER 04
Renewable Energy Technology
Solar, wind, hydro, tidal energy; National Solar Mission; green hydrogen; energy storage
CHAPTER 05
Important Scientific Institutions of India
ISRO, DRDO, CSIR, ICAR, ICMR, IITs, IISc — roles and key achievements