APPSC Group-1 2024 Geography Previous Year Questions

Ans: (3) I, III and IV (as per APPSC official final key)

Intrusive landforms form when magma cools inside the crust (plutonic rocks). Extrusive landforms such as lava plateaus and cones form on the surface. The main intrusive forms:

• Batholith (Greek bathos, depth): a huge mass of magma, usually granite, cooled deep in the crust, often the core of a mountain range. Matched (I).
• Laccolith: a large dome-shaped igneous mound with a level base, fed by a pipe (e.g. the Karnataka plateau domes).
• Phacolith: a wavy, lens-shaped mass lying at the base of synclines or the top of anticlines in folded rocks. Statement II actually describes a laccolith, so it is not matched.
• Lapolith: a saucer-shaped body, concave upward.
• Dyke: a wall-like body cutting nearly perpendicular to the layers. Dykes are common in the western Maharashtra Deccan traps. Matched (III).
• Sill: a near-horizontal sheet (a thin one is called a sheet). Matched (IV).

Note:

• Extrusive (volcanic) rocks: basalt. Intrusive (plutonic) rocks: granite.
• Volcano types: shield (Hawaii, basaltic), composite (Fuji, Vesuvius), caldera (Krakatoa), flood basalt (the Deccan Traps).
• Barren Island (Andamans) is India’s only active volcano.

Ans: (1) Statement I only (as per APPSC official final key)

Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition. Of the more than 2,000 known, only a few form most rocks. Feldspar is the most abundant group. Silicon and oxygen are common to all feldspars, while sodium, potassium, calcium and aluminium appear in specific varieties: orthoclase (K), albite (Na), anorthite (Ca). So statement I is correct.

Per NCERT, half of the Earth’s crust is made of feldspar, not “one-fourth of feldspar and quartz” (II is wrong). Feldspar is used in ceramics and glass.

Note:

• The crust’s most abundant elements are O (46.6%) > Si (27.7%) > Al > Fe > Ca > Na > K > Mg.
• Quartz (SiOâ‚‚) is hard and used in radio and radar. Mica is used in electrical equipment.
• Rock groups: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. The rock cycle links them.

Ans: (4) Orogeny is the continental building process. (as per APPSC official final key)

Geomorphic processes are the endogenic and exogenic forces that cause physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials, changing the configuration of the surface. So (1) and (3) are correct.

• Endogenic (internal) processes are diastrophism and volcanism (2 is correct).
• Exogenic processes are weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition.

Diastrophism includes:

• Orogeny (Greek oros, mountain): mountain building through severe folding
• Epeirogeny (epeiros, continent): continent building through uplift or warping of large parts of the crust
• Earthquakes and plate tectonics

So statement (4), which calls orogeny continent building, is the incorrect one.

Note:

• Gradation = degradation (erosion) + aggradation (deposition).
• Denudation is the general term for weathering, mass wasting, erosion and transportation.
• The ultimate energy for exogenic processes is the sun (solar radiation and gradients).

Ans: (3) III and IV only (as per APPSC official final key)

Pedogenesis (soil formation) depends on five factors:

• Active factors: climate (temperature and moisture drive weathering and leaching) and biological activity (plants, micro-organisms, humus, bacteria)
• Passive factors: parent material (the source of minerals), topography (slope, drainage) and time (the duration of formation)

So III and IV only.

Note:

• Soil horizons: O (organic), A (topsoil), B (subsoil, accumulation), C (weathered parent rock).
• ICAR classifies Indian soils into 8 groups. Alluvial soil covers the largest area, about 40%.
• Laterisation occurs under high temperature and heavy rain (Kerala, the Western Ghats).

Ans: (2) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III (as per APPSC official final key)

Clouds are classified by height and form (Luke Howard, 1803):

• Cirrus (Latin: curl of hair): high, thin, feathery, with a silky appearance. A-II.
• Cirrostratus: a thin, milky-white sheet that produces halos. B-I.
• Cirrocumulus: small globular white masses or ripples (‘mackerel sky’). C-IV.
• Cumulus (heap): fair-weather, cauliflower-like clouds with a flat base. D-III.

So A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III.

Note:

• Cumulonimbus are thunderstorm clouds with an anvil top. Nimbostratus bring continuous rain.
• Cloud levels: high (cirrus group) above 6 km, middle (alto-) 2–6 km, low (stratus) below 2 km.
• Fog is a cloud at ground level. Mist contains more moisture than fog (NCERT).

Ans: (4) None of them (as per APPSC official final key)

The Doldrums lie in the equatorial low-pressure belt (the ITCZ, about 5°N–5°S). Air there rises by convection, so surface winds are calm and light, and sailing ships were often becalmed. ‘Strong winds with rapid surface movement’ is wrong (I).

The trade winds blow from the subtropical highs towards the equator. The Coriolis force deflects them to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, making them north-easterlies, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, making them south-easterlies. So ‘north-west’ is wrong (II). Neither statement is correct.

Note:

• Horse latitudes are the calm subtropical high-pressure belts around 30°.
• Westerlies blow at 30°–60°: the Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties and Shrieking Sixties.
• Ferrel’s law is about deflection due to Earth’s rotation.

Ans: (2) They do not have a clear frontal system. (as per APPSC official final key)

Extra-tropical (temperate) cyclones form along the polar front where warm and cold air masses meet in the mid and high latitudes (1 is correct). They have clear warm and cold fronts (frontal cyclones), so statement (2) is the incorrect one.

They cover a larger area than tropical cyclones (3 is correct), can form over land and sea (4 is correct), and move west to east with the westerlies. Tropical cyclones, by contrast, form only over warm seas (above 27°C), have no fronts, a calm eye, and greater intensity.

Note:

• Western disturbances (extra-tropical) bring winter rain to north-west India.
• Tropical cyclones are called hurricanes in the Atlantic, typhoons in the West Pacific and willy-willies in Australia.
• The cyclone eye is the calm centre. The eyewall has the strongest winds.

Ans: (2) I, II and IV (as per APPSC official final key)

The Mediterranean climate (Köppen Cs) lies around 30°–45° on the western margins of continents: the Mediterranean basin, California, central Chile, the Cape region and south-west Australia. Its features are hot, dry summers, when the subtropical high shifts poleward (III is a feature), and mild, rainy winters brought by the westerlies.

So a ‘dry winter season’ (I), ‘no dry season’ (II) and a ‘dry and very severe winter’ (IV) are not its features.

Note:

• It is the world’s ‘orchard’, growing citrus, grapes (wine) and olives.
• Local winds: Sirocco (hot, from the Sahara), Mistral (cold, Rhône valley), Bora (Adriatic).
• Köppen letters: A tropical, B dry, C warm temperate, D cold, E polar, H highland.

Ans: (3) A flat topped seamount showing the evidence of gradual subsidence through stages. (as per APPSC official final key)

Features of the ocean floor relief:

• Seamount: a pointed-top submarine mountain that does not reach the surface (1)
• Guyot: a flat-topped seamount whose top was eroded at sea level and which has then gradually subsided. It shows evidence of subsidence through stages (3, the answer). Guyots are common in the Pacific.
• Submarine canyon: a deep valley cutting across the continental shelf and slope, e.g. Hudson Canyon (2)
• Atoll: a low ring-shaped coral island surrounding a central lagoon (4)

Guyots are named after the Swiss–American geographer Arnold Guyot.

Note:

• Ocean floor divisions: continental shelf, slope, deep-sea plain, ocean deeps (trenches). The Mariana Trench (about 11 km) is the deepest.
• Mid-ocean ridges are sites of sea-floor spreading.
• The Lakshadweep islands are atolls.

Ans: (3) I, III and IV (as per APPSC official final key)

Ocean deposits are of two kinds. Terrigenous deposits come from the land through rivers, wind and glaciers. Pelagic deposits (oozes, red clay) come from organic remains and volcanic dust in the deep sea. Terrigenous deposits settle mainly on the continental shelves and slopes (I is correct).

Coarse material settles first near the shore, so coarseness decreases seaward (II is wrong). The finest terrigenous deposits are muds (III is correct). Their colours (blue, red, green) depend on their chemical content, e.g. iron sulphide or glauconite (IV is correct).

Note:

• Calcareous ooze and siliceous ooze (diatom, radiolarian) are pelagic deposits.
• Red clay covers the largest area of the deep ocean floor, mainly in the Pacific.
• Ocean salinity averages 35‰. The Dead Sea has about 238‰.

Ans: Question deleted (as per APPSC official final key)

Deleted by APPSC in the official final key (no option is treated as correct).

The concept: the Great Rift Valley (East African Rift) forms where the African plate is splitting into the Nubian and Somali plates. Its long graben (a down-faulted trough between parallel faults) holds a chain of rift lakes: Turkana, Albert, Edward, Kivu, Tanganyika (the second deepest in the world) and Malawi (Nyasa) at the southern end. Several rift lakes in the eastern branch are saline or alkaline soda lakes (Natron, Magadi), while the large western-branch lakes are freshwater. Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake, lies in a shallow basin between the two branches of the rift and is not itself a rift lake. This ambiguity is the likely reason for deletion.

Note:

• Lake Victoria is the source of the White Nile (at Jinja, Uganda).
• Lake Baikal (Russia) is the deepest lake and also a rift lake.
• The Rift Valley extends from the Red Sea through Ethiopia (the Afar triangle) to Mozambique.

Ans: (3) I, III, IV and V (as per APPSC official final key)

The Pacific coast of South America runs from north to south through Colombia (which has both Pacific and Caribbean coasts), Ecuador, Peru and Chile, the longest Pacific coastline at about 4,300 km. Venezuela faces only the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic.

So I, III, IV and V.

Note:

• Landlocked South American countries: Bolivia (it lost its coast to Chile in the War of the Pacific, 1879–84) and Paraguay.
• The Atacama Desert (Chile) is the driest non-polar desert. The Humboldt (Peru) current is a cold current.
• The Andes are the longest mountain range. Aconcagua (Argentina) is the highest peak.

Ans: (3) Within this biome, there is a narrow range of temperatures between the winter and summer seasons. and (4) Precipitation in this biome is moderately high throughout the year with snow occurring during the winter months. (as per APPSC official final key)

Two answers accepted in the official final key: (3) and (4).

The Taiga (Russian for ‘forest’), or boreal coniferous forest, is the largest land biome (1 is correct). It stretches across northern North America, Europe and Asia, roughly 50°–70°N (2 is correct). It has conifers such as spruce, fir, pine and larch.

Its climate is extreme. Winters are long and severe and summers short and mild, giving a very wide annual temperature range. Verkhoyansk, in Siberia, has a range of over 60°C. So (3) is incorrect. Precipitation is low to moderate (about 30–90 cm), falling mostly in summer with snow in winter. ‘Moderately high throughout the year’ is also incorrect (4).

Note:

• Softwood from the taiga is used for pulp and paper.
• The tundra lies to the north of the taiga (mosses, lichens, permafrost).
• Biome order by latitude: tropical rainforest, savanna, desert, temperate grassland, deciduous forest, taiga, tundra.

Ans: (2) I, II and III (as per APPSC official final key)

The Himalayas are young fold mountains (Tertiary period), formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates (I is correct). They are wider in Kashmir (about 400 km) and narrower in Arunachal (about 150 km), but higher in the east (II is correct). The Greater Himalaya (Himadri) has asymmetrical folds with a granite core (III is correct).

The longitudinal valleys known as Duns (Dehradun, Kotli Dun, Patli Dun) lie between the Lesser Himalaya (Himachal) and the Shiwaliks, not between the Greater and Lesser Himalaya (IV is wrong).

Note:

• The Himalayan ranges from north to south: Trans-Himalaya, Himadri, Himachal, Shiwalik.
• Valleys in the Himachal (Lesser Himalaya): Kashmir, Kangra, Kullu.
• Eastern hills from north to south: Patkai Bum, Naga, Mizo (Lushai) Hills.

Ans: (1) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV (as per APPSC official final key)

Köppen’s scheme classifies climates by temperature and precipitation using letter codes. In India:

• Amw, monsoon with a short dry season: the west coast south of Goa. A-I.
• As, monsoon with a dry summer (it rains in winter from the NE monsoon): the Coromandel coast of Tamil Nadu. B-II.
• Cwg, monsoon with a dry winter: the Ganga plain and most of North-East India. C-III.
• BShw, semi-arid steppe: north-western Gujarat, west Rajasthan and Punjab. D-IV.

Also Aw, tropical savanna: most of the peninsula. BWhw, hot desert: the extreme west of Rajasthan. Dfc, cold humid winter: Arunachal. E, polar: J&K and the Himalaya.

Note:

• Köppen letters: s = dry summer, w = dry winter, f = no dry season, m = monsoon, h = hot.
• Mawsynram (Meghalaya) receives the highest rainfall.
• Tamil Nadu gets most of its rainfall in October–December from the north-east monsoon.

Ans: (3) Indus > Godavari > Krishna > Brahmaputra (as per APPSC official final key)

A catchment (drainage basin) is the area drained by a river and its tributaries. Within India, the Ganga basin is the largest at about 8.6 lakh km², roughly 26% of India’s area. The order after it, by the area of each basin lying within India (CWC figures), is:

• Indus: about 3.21 lakh km² within India
• Godavari: about 3.13 lakh km², the largest peninsular basin (‘Dakshin Ganga’)
• Krishna: about 2.59 lakh km²
• Brahmaputra: about 1.94 lakh km² within India, since most of its basin is in Tibet and Bangladesh

So Indus > Godavari > Krishna > Brahmaputra.

Note:

• By volume of water (discharge), the Brahmaputra and Ganga lead.
• The Godavari is the longest peninsular river (about 1,465 km), rising at Trimbakeshwar (Nashik).
• Mahanadi basin: about 1.42 lakh km². Narmada and Tapi flow west through rift valleys.

Ans: (3) the areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity with good vegetation. (as per APPSC official final key)

Peaty (and marshy) soils form in areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity with good vegetation. Large amounts of dead organic matter pile up and decompose slowly in waterlogged conditions. They are rich in humus (40–50% organic matter), black, heavy and acidic.

They are found in northern Bihar, southern Uttarakhand, the coastal areas of West Bengal, Odisha and Tamil Nadu, and Kerala (the Kuttanad ‘kari’ soils). Intense leaching under high temperature and rainfall (2) gives laterite. Low rainfall (1) and semi-arid salinity (4) give arid and saline soils.

Note:

• ICAR soil groups: alluvial, black (regur), red and yellow, laterite, arid, saline, peaty, forest.
• Saline soils are called Usar, Reh or Kallar.
• Black soil (from Deccan basalt) is ideal for cotton.

Ans: (4) Temperate forests in the Anaimalai and Palani hills (as per APPSC official final key)

Sholas (Tamil solai, grove) are patches of stunted tropical montane (temperate-type) evergreen forest. They grow in sheltered valleys above about 1,500 m in the Nilgiri, Anaimalai and Palani hills of the southern Western Ghats, surrounded by rolling montane grasslands (the shola-grassland ecosystem).

They act as water sponges that feed rivers, and are home to endemics such as the Nilgiri tahr. So (4).

Note:

• Anamudi (2,695 m, Anaimalai) is the highest peak in South India. Doddabetta (2,637 m) is the highest in the Nilgiris.
• Montane forests in the south are classified as temperate-type, per NCERT.
• Kurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana) flowers once every 12 years in these grasslands.

Ans: (4) The Chittoor and Nellore region (as per APPSC official final key)

The Dharwar system (Archaean–Proterozoic, about 2,500–1,800 million years old) is the oldest sedimentary-metamorphic rock series in India. It is named after Dharwar in Karnataka. Its rocks are highly metamorphosed schists and are rich in metallic minerals such as iron, manganese and gold (e.g. the Kolar and Hutti gold fields).

In Andhra Pradesh, the official key places Dharwar-type rocks in the Chittoor and Nellore region, the Nellore schist belt known for mica.

Note:

• AP geology: the Cuddapah basin (Kadapa, Kurnool; Proterozoic) contains limestone and barytes (Mangampet).
• Gondwana rocks in AP lie in the Godavari valley (coal at Singareni, now in Telangana).
• The Nellore mica belt is one of India’s main mica sources, along with Jharkhand (Koderma) and Rajasthan.

Ans: (4) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II (as per APPSC official final key)

Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh and their flagship species:

• Coringa WLS (Kakinada, in the Godavari mangroves): saltwater crocodile habitat, and India’s second-largest mangrove area. A-III.
• Gundla Brahmeswaram WLS (Kurnool–Prakasam, Nallamala): part of the Nagarjunasagar–Srisailam Tiger Reserve landscape (tiger). B-IV.
• Rollapadu WLS (Kurnool): Great Indian Bustard. C-I.
• Sri Lankamalleswara WLS (Kadapa): Jerdon’s courser, a nocturnal bird rediscovered in 1986. D-II.

So A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.

Note:

• NSTR (Nagarjunasagar–Srisailam) is India’s largest tiger reserve.
• Papikonda National Park lies on the Godavari, and Sri Venkateswara National Park in Tirupati.
• Pulicat Lake (AP–TN) is a flamingo habitat. Kolleru Lake is a Ramsar site.

Ans: (2) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III (as per APPSC official final key)

Traditional hunting, gathering and nomadic peoples:

• Pygmies (Mbuti, Aka): forest hunter-gatherers of the Congo basin. A-II.
• Maasai: pastoral nomads of East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania). B-I.
• Semang: Negrito hunter-gatherers of the Malay peninsula. C-IV.
• Punan (Penan): forest nomads of Borneo. D-III.

So A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III.

Note:

• Bushmen (San) live in the Kalahari. Bedouins are in Arabia. Kirghiz and Kazakhs are on the Central Asian steppes.
• Inuit (Eskimo) live in the Arctic, and the Sami (Lapps) in northern Scandinavia, as reindeer herders.
• Aborigines are the indigenous people of Australia.

Ans: (4) Dardi is a Sino-Tibetan language. (as per APPSC official final key)

India’s languages belong to four families:

• Indo-European (Indo-Aryan), about 73%: Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Sindhi and Kachchhi (2 is correct), and the Dardic languages (Kashmiri, Shina)
• Dravidian, about 20%
• Austric (Austro-Asiatic): Munda languages such as Santhali and Ho spoken by tribes of Jharkhand, Odisha and the Khasi hills (3 is correct)
• Sino-Tibetan: in the Himalayas and the North-East

The 1961 Census listed 1,652 mother tongues (1 is correct). Dardi is Indo-Aryan, not Sino-Tibetan, so (4) is the incorrect statement.

Note:

• The Eighth Schedule lists 22 languages. The 92nd Amendment (2003) added Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali.
• Classical languages: 11 since 2024 (Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese and Bengali were added).
• Article 343: Hindi in Devanagari is the official language of the Union.

Ans: (2) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III (as per APPSC official final key)

Slash-and-burn (shifting) cultivation means clearing forest by burning, cropping for a few years and moving on. It has many local names:

• Ladang: Indonesia and Malaysia. A-II.
• Milpa: Mexico and Central America. B-I.
• Roca: Brazil. C-IV.
• Masole: Congo, Central Africa. D-III.

In India it is called Jhum (North-East), Podu (AP and Odisha), Bewar or Dahiya (MP) and Kumari (the Western Ghats). Elsewhere it is Ray (Vietnam), Taungya (Myanmar), Tamrai (Thailand) and Chena (Sri Lanka).

Note:

• Shifting cultivation causes deforestation and soil erosion. The jhum cycle has shortened from about 20 years to 3–5.
• Koman is practised in the Konkan and Pama dabi in Odisha.
• Podu is practised by the AP agency tribes (Konda Reddis, Savaras).

Ans: (2) I, II and IV (as per APPSC official final key)

Major iron and steel regions of the world grew near coal, ore or ports:

• USA: the Pittsburgh area, the Great Lakes (Gary, Cleveland) and the Atlantic coast (Sparrows Point, Baltimore). I is matched.
• Russia: the Urals (Magnitogorsk), the Kuznetsk basin and Moscow–Tula. II is matched.
• UK: the north-east (Middlesbrough, Teesside), central England (Sheffield) and South Wales. IV is matched.
• The Ruhr is in Germany (Western Europe), along the Rhine with coal from the Ruhr field. It is not in Eastern Europe, so III is wrong.

Note:

• Other centres: Anshan (China), Kitakyushu and Osaka (Japan), Pohang (South Korea).
• China is the largest steel producer and India the second largest.
• Indian steel centres include Jamshedpur (TISCO, 1907), Bhilai, Rourkela, Bokaro and Visakhapatnam (RINL).

Ans: (1) Moscow to Vladivostok and (3) St. Petersburg to Vladivostok (as per APPSC official final key)

Two answers accepted in the official final key: (1) and (3).

The Trans-Siberian Railway (built 1891–1916) is the world’s longest railway line, about 9,289 km. It links European Russia with the Pacific port of Vladivostok and crosses the Urals, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk (Lake Baikal) and Khabarovsk. The main line runs Moscow–Vladivostok, while NCERT describes it as running from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. APPSC accepted both.

Note:

• Other transcontinental railways: Canadian Pacific (Halifax–Vancouver), Union and Central Pacific (USA), Trans-Australian (Perth–Sydney), Orient Express (Paris–Istanbul).
• The Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM) runs parallel to it in the north.
• Vladivostok means ‘ruler of the East’.

Ans: (3) I, III and IV (as per APPSC official final key)

Groundwater utilisation (the stage of extraction) is the ratio of annual extraction to the extractable resource, per CGWB assessments. It is highest where intensive, irrigated agriculture relies on tubewells:

• Punjab (above 160%, over-exploited)
• Haryana (about 135%)
• Rajasthan and Delhi
• Tamil Nadu, a hard-rock State with low surface water

Odisha has heavy rainfall and abundant surface water, so its groundwater use is low. So I, III and IV.

Note:

• Category bands: safe (<70%), semi-critical (70–90%), critical (90–100%), over-exploited (>100%).
• The Atal Bhujal Yojana (2019) covers 7 water-stressed States.
• India is the world’s largest user of groundwater.

Ans: (4) Black soil region of the Deccan is not suitable for wheat cultivation. (as per APPSC official final key)

Wheat is India’s second most important cereal after rice (1 is correct). It is a rabi crop that needs a cool growing season and bright sunshine at ripening, with 50–75 cm of rain (2 is correct). It is grown chiefly in the Ganga–Satluj plains: UP, Punjab and Haryana (3 is correct).

The black soil region of the Deccan, i.e. Madhya Pradesh and parts of Maharashtra, does grow wheat. MP is among the top producers. So statement (4) is incorrect.

Note:

• Top wheat producers: UP, MP, Punjab. India is the world’s second-largest producer after China.
• The Green Revolution (1960s) used HYV wheat from Norman Borlaug (Mexico). M.S. Swaminathan led it in India.
• Wheat rust and terminal heat stress are major threats.

Ans: (2) I, II and IV (as per APPSC official final key)

Assam is the oldest oil-producing State in India. Its fields include:

• Digboi: India’s first oil well (1889), with Asia’s oldest operating refinery (1901)
• Naharkatiya: discovered 1953
• Moran: near Naharkatiya
• Others: Hugrijan, Rudrasagar and Lakwa

Kalol is in Gujarat (the Cambay basin, along with Ankleshwar and Lunej). So I, II and IV.

Note:

• Mumbai High (1974) is India’s largest offshore field.
• Barmer (Rajasthan, the Mangala field) is operated by Cairn.
• KG-D6 (Krishna–Godavari basin) is a natural gas field off AP.

Ans: (3) Hugli basin (as per APPSC official final key)

Jute, the ‘golden fibre’, grows in the Ganga–Brahmaputra delta. The jute industry is concentrated in the Hugli basin (West Bengal), in a narrow belt about 98 km long and 3 km wide along the Hugli river around Kolkata. Most of India’s jute mills are here.

The location factors are:

• Nearness to raw jute-growing areas
• Cheap water transport on the Hugli
• Plenty of water for retting and processing
• Cheap labour from WB, Bihar, Odisha and UP
• Kolkata as a port and banking centre

So (3).

Note:

• The first jute mill was set up at Rishra (near Kolkata) in 1855.
• After Partition, most jute-growing areas went to East Pakistan (Bangladesh), while the mills stayed in India.
• The National Jute Policy dates from 2005. The Jute Packaging Materials Act (1987) mandates jute packaging for foodgrains.

Ans: (2) II and III only (as per APPSC official final key)

Coffee in Andhra Pradesh is grown in the tribal agency (Scheduled) areas of the Eastern Ghats at about 900–1,100 m. These are mainly the Visakhapatnam agency, with Araku Valley, Paderu and Chintapalle (now in Alluri Sitharama Raju district), and the East Godavari agency (Rampachodavaram, Maredumilli). It is shade-grown, mostly organic Arabica, cultivated by tribal farmers with support from ITDA and the AP Forest Development Corporation.

So II and III only. ‘Araku Coffee’ (GI tag 2019) is marketed internationally.

Note:

• Karnataka is India’s largest coffee producer (about 70%), mainly in Chikmagalur and Kodagu, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Coffee was first grown in India at Baba Budan Giri (Karnataka).
• The Coffee Board is in Bengaluru, under the Commerce Ministry.