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Indian Polity and Constitution MCQs

This section covers essential Indian Polity questions, focusing on the Constitution, the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and the roles of the President and Parliament. It’s designed to help you master the key concepts and legal frameworks frequently tested in competitive exams

Economic Impact of British Rule & Social Reforms









📊 Chapter 13 · Modern India · Indian History

Economic Impact of British Rule & Social Reforms

Drain of wealth, deindustrialisation, land revenue systems; Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, Widow Remarriage Act. Complete UPSC & PSC notes.

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Sub-Topics
10
Practice MCQs
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PYQs
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📌 What You Will Learn in This Chapter

✅ Drain of wealth theory — Dadabhai Naoroji
✅ Deindustrialisation & destruction of handicrafts
✅ Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari, Mahalwari systems
✅ Raja Ram Mohan Roy — Brahmo Samaj, abolition of Sati (1829)
✅ Dayananda Saraswati — Arya Samaj (1875), Ramakrishna Mission
✅ Macaulay’s Minute (1835), Wood’s Despatch (1854)

📚 Chapter Sub-Topics — Click to Read
Topic 01
Economic Impact of British Rule
Drain of wealth theory (Dadabhai Naoroji), deindustrialisation, destruction of handicrafts, commercialisation of agriculture.

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Topic 02
Land Revenue Systems
Permanent Settlement (Zamindari), Ryotwari, Mahalwari systems — features, areas, impact on peasants.

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Topic 03
Social Reform Movements — Brahmo Samaj
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Brahmo Samaj (1828), abolition of Sati (1829), widow remarriage, women’s education.

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Topic 04
Arya Samaj & Other Reform Movements
Dayananda Saraswati, Arya Samaj (1875), Ramakrishna Mission, Vivekananda, Theosophical Society.

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Topic 05
Educational Reforms & Press
Macaulay’s Minute (1835), Wood’s Despatch (1854), universities, vernacular press, role of education in nationalism.

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Topic 06
Economic Impact & Social Reforms — Revision
Key reformers, acts, dates, complete chapter revision checklist.

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⚡ Quick Access

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1. The Outer Space Treaty was adopted in:

 
 
 
 

2. India added how much wind power capacity in FY2025-26?

 
 
 
 

3. Who became India’s first openly queer Member of Parliament in April 2026?

 
 
 
 

4. Kar Saathi launched in April 2026 is:

 
 
 
 

5. Amaravati was designated as what in April 2026?

 
 
 
 

6. India’s first digital census was announced with an outlay of:

 
 
 
 

7. India’s higher education enrollment rate (April 2026) is:

 
 
 
 

8. The Transgender Persons Amendment Bill 2026 controversy is about:

 
 
 
 

9. Purvanchal Mahotsav ‘Maati-9’ celebrates:

 
 
 
 

10. Nagoya Protocol mentioned in news relates to:

 
 
 
 


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What is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international legally binding treaty aimed at conserving biological diversity and ensuring its sustainable use.

  • Adopted: 1992
  • Place: Rio Earth Summit
  • Entered into force: 1993
convention on biological diversity

Objectives of CBD:

The CBD has three main objectives:

  1. Conservation of Biological Diversity
  2. Sustainable Use of its Components
  3. Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from genetic resources

These are commonly called the “3 Pillars of CBD”

Protocols under CBD

1. Cartagena Protocol (2000)

  • Full name: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
  • Focus: Safe handling and transfer of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs)
  • Related to biotechnology & GMOs

2. Nagoya Protocol (2010)

  • Full name: Nagoya Protocol
  • Focus: Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) of genetic resources
  • Ensures fair compensation to countries/communities

Institutional Structure

1. Conference of Parties (COP)

  • Supreme decision-making body
  • Meets every 2 years

2. Secretariat

  • Located in Montreal
  • Administers CBD implementation

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022)

Adopted at COP15 of CBD. Key Targets (30×30 Target)

  • Protect 30% of land and oceans by 2030
  • Restore degraded ecosystems
  • Reduce pollution and biodiversity loss

India and CBD

  • India is a party to CBD

Legal Framework in India

1. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
  • Implements CBD provisions
2. National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)
  • Established in Chennai

For current affairs related to Environment and ecology click here

What is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? Read More »

Index of Industrial Production (IIP) – Complete Guide for UPSC, APPSC, TGPSC and other state PSC exams:

What is Index of Industrial Production (IIP)?

  • The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) measures the short-term changes in the volume of production of industrial sectors in an economy.
  • It indicates the growth or contraction of industrial activity over a period of time.

Base Year of IIP

  • Current Base Year: 2011–12
  • Base year is revised periodically to reflect structural changes in the economy.

Components of IIP

The IIP is divided into three major sectors:

1. Manufacturing Sector
  • Weight: ~77.6%
  • Largest contributor to IIP
2. Mining Sector
  • Weight: ~14.4%
3. Electricity Sector
  • Weight: ~8%

Manufacturing dominates, so its performance heavily influences IIP.

Who Releases IIP?



    • Released by: National Statistical Office (NSO)
    • Under: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
    • Frequency: Monthly
    • Time lag: Usually released 6 weeks after the reference month

    How is IIP Calculated?

    IIP is calculated using the Laspeyres Index formula, which compares current production with base year production.

    • Uses fixed weights (based on base year)
    • Tracks volume, not value
    • Based on physical output data

    The Core Industries & IIP

    Within the IIP, there are eight “core” industries that represent approximately 40.27% of the total weight. They are considered high-frequency indicators of infrastructure and industrial performance

    • Refinery Products (highest weightage).
    • ElectricitySteelCoalCrude OilNatural GasCement, and Fertilisers.

    Index of Industrial Production (IIP) – Complete Guide for UPSC, APPSC, TGPSC and other state PSC exams: Read More »