✅ Answer: A) 1 onlyStatement 1 is correct — the Preamble IS a part of the Constitution (Kesavananda Bharati case, 1973). Statement 2 is incorrect — the Preamble has been amended only ONCE, by the 42nd Amendment (1976), not twice.

✅ Answer: C) Both 1 and 2Statement 1 is correct — the Preamble was enacted after the rest of the Constitution was drafted and debated. Statement 2 is correct — the Preamble is NOT justiciable (not enforceable in a court of law).

✅ Answer: B) 42nd Amendment, 1976The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 added the words “Socialist,” “Secular,” and “Integrity” to the Preamble. This amendment was passed during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

✅ Answer: C) Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)The Basic Structure Doctrine was established in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case (1973). The Supreme Court held that while Parliament can amend the Constitution, it cannot destroy its basic structure. The Preamble reflects the basic structure of the Constitution.

✅ Answer: C) The Directive Principles of State PolicyThe concept of Welfare State is primarily embodied in the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36–51). While the Preamble mentions Justice (social, economic, political), the detailed welfare state provisions are in the DPSPs.

✅ Answer: B) Justice, Liberty, Equality, FraternityThe correct order in the Preamble is: JUSTICE (social, economic, political), LIBERTY (of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship), EQUALITY (of status and opportunity), and FRATERNITY (assuring dignity of individual and unity and integrity of Nation).

✅ Answer: C) India has no official state religion and treats all religions equallyIndia’s secularism means the state has no official religion and treats all religions equally. This is “positive secularism” — equal respect for all religions (Sarva Dharma Samabhava). It is different from Western secularism which means strict separation of church and state.

✅ Answer: A) The Preamble is NOT a part of the ConstitutionIn the Berubari Union Case (1960), the Supreme Court held that the Preamble is NOT a part of the Constitution. This ruling was later overruled by the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), which held that the Preamble IS a part of the Constitution.

✅ Answer: C) 42nd Amendment, 1976The original Preamble (1949) said “unity of the Nation.” The 42nd Amendment (1976) changed it to “unity and integrity of the Nation” by adding the word “integrity.” This was one of the three additions made to the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment.

✅ Answer: D) The Preamble can be used to interpret ambiguous provisions of the ConstitutionThe Preamble can be used as a guide to interpret ambiguous or unclear provisions of the Constitution. However, it cannot override the specific provisions of the Constitution, cannot be enforced in court, and can be amended (as done by the 42nd Amendment).