✅ Answer: B) April 13, 1919The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on April 13, 1919 (Baisakhi day) in Amritsar. General Dyer ordered firing on a peaceful crowd. ~379 killed (official), ~1,000+ (unofficial). Rabindranath Tagore returned his knighthood in protest. This massacre turned moderate Indians into nationalists and was a turning point in the freedom struggle.

✅ Answer: C) The Salt LawGandhi’s Dandi March (March 12 – April 6, 1930) was undertaken to protest against the Salt Law — the British monopoly on salt production. Gandhi marched 241 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi (Gujarat) and made salt from seawater, defying the law. This sparked the Civil Disobedience Movement across India.

✅ Answer: C) August 8, 1942The Quit India Movement was launched on August 8, 1942 at Gowalia Tank (August Kranti Maidan), Bombay. Gandhi gave the call “Do or Die.” All Congress leaders were arrested on August 9, 1942. Aruna Asaf Ali hoisted the Congress flag at Gowalia Tank. The movement continued underground led by Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia, and Jayaprakash Narayan.

✅ Answer: C) SingaporeSubhash Chandra Bose formed the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) in Singapore in 1943. He took over the INA from Rash Behari Bose. He declared the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore on October 21, 1943. The INA advanced to Imphal and Kohima (1944) but was defeated. Bose’s slogan: “Jai Hind” and “Give me blood and I will give you freedom.”

✅ Answer: B) Gandhi withdrawing Non-Cooperation MovementThe Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) in Gorakhpur, UP, led to Gandhi withdrawing the Non-Cooperation Movement. A mob burned a police station, killing 22 policemen. Gandhi was deeply disturbed by this violence and immediately withdrew the movement — despite it being at its peak. Many Congress leaders criticised this decision.

✅ Answer: B) Purna Swaraj declaredThe Lahore Session (December 1929) presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru declared Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as the goal of Congress. January 26, 1930 was declared Independence Day (later became Republic Day). The tricolour flag was unfurled. This was a shift from earlier demands for Dominion Status within the British Empire.

✅ Answer: C) Dr. B.R. AmbedkarThe Poona Pact (September 1932) was an agreement between Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. The British had announced separate electorates for Dalits (Communal Award). Gandhi fasted unto death against this. Ambedkar agreed to reserved seats for Dalits in general electorates instead of separate electorates. This was signed at Yerwada Jail, Pune.

✅ Answer: B) Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru was India’s first Prime Minister (1947–1964). He delivered the famous “Tryst with Destiny” speech on the midnight of August 14-15, 1947. Rajendra Prasad was the first President (1950–1962). Sardar Patel was the first Deputy PM and Home Minister — he integrated 562 princely states. Lord Mountbatten was the first Governor-General.

✅ Answer: B) Integrated 562 princely statesSardar Vallabhbhai Patel is called the “Iron Man of India” because he integrated 562 princely states into the Indian Union — a monumental task. He used persuasion, negotiation, and when necessary, force (Hyderabad — Operation Polo, September 1948). Without Patel, India would have been fragmented. The Statue of Unity (world’s tallest statue) in Gujarat is dedicated to him.

✅ Answer: B) Dominion Status after WWII — “post-dated cheque”The Cripps Mission (March 1942) offered Dominion Status to India after World War II ended. Gandhi called it a “post-dated cheque on a failing bank” — meaning it promised something in the future when Britain might not even be in a position to deliver. Congress rejected it and launched the Quit India Movement (August 1942) demanding immediate independence.