✅ Lengthiest written constitution in the world
✅ Drawn from various sources — GoI Act 1935 is the main source
✅ Federal system with unitary bias (quasi-federal)
✅ Parliamentary form of government (Westminster model)
✅ Integrated and independent judiciary
✅ Judicial review — courts can declare laws unconstitutional
✅ Fundamental Rights — justiciable (Part III)
✅ Directive Principles — non-justiciable (Part IV)
✅ Fundamental Duties — non-justiciable (Part IVA)
✅ Secular state — no state religion
✅ Universal adult suffrage — voting age 18
✅ Single citizenship
✅ Emergency provisions — three types
✅ Integrated election machinery (ECI)
✅ Rigid and flexible — different amendment procedures
✅ Special provisions for minorities, SC/ST, backward classes