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Vijayanagara Empire — Rise & Rulers






📌 Topic 01 of 6 · Chapter 09 · Vijayanagara & Bahmani

Vijayanagara Empire — Rise & Rulers

Harihara and Bukka, Sangama dynasty, Saluva, Tuluva dynasties — political history of Vijayanagara.

📖 Foundation of Vijayanagara Empire

The Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE) was the last great Hindu empire of South India. It was founded in 1336 CE by brothers Harihara I and Bukka I of the Sangama dynasty. The capital was Vijayanagara (City of Victory) — modern Hampi in Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra river.

🙏 Role of Vidyaranya

  • Harihara and Bukka were former officers of the Hoysala kingdom captured by Muhammad bin Tughlaq
  • They were converted to Islam but later reconverted to Hinduism
  • The reconversion was guided by sage Vidyaranya (Madhavacharya) — head of the Sringeri Math
  • Vidyaranya inspired them to establish a Hindu kingdom to resist Muslim expansion
  • He is called the “kingmaker” of Vijayanagara

🏛️ Four Dynasties of Vijayanagara

DynastyPeriodKey RulersKey Facts
Sangama1336–1485Harihara I, Bukka I, Deva Raya I, Deva Raya IIFounded empire; Deva Raya II employed Muslim soldiers; Abdur Razzaq visited
Saluva1485–1505Narasimha SaluvaSaved empire from collapse; short-lived dynasty
Tuluva1505–1570Krishnadevaraya (greatest ruler), Achyuta Raya, Aliya Rama RayaGolden age of Vijayanagara; Krishnadevaraya = greatest ruler
Aravidu1570–1646Tirumala, Sriranga I, Venkata IIPost-Talikota period; empire declined; capital shifted to Penukonda

👑 Key Rulers

Harihara I and Bukka I (1336–1377):

  • Co-founders of Vijayanagara Empire
  • Established capital at Vijayanagara (Hampi)
  • Fought against the Bahmani Sultanate — constant conflict
  • Patronised Kannada and Sanskrit literature

Deva Raya II (1422–1446):

  • Greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty
  • Employed Muslim soldiers and archers — recognised their superior skills
  • Persian traveller Abdur Razzaq visited his court — described Vijayanagara’s grandeur
  • Patronised Persian literature
⭐ Abdur Razzaq on Vijayanagara: Persian traveller Abdur Razzaq (1443 CE) described Vijayanagara as “such that the pupil of the eye has never seen a place like it, and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there existed anything to equal it in the world.” This gives us a vivid picture of Vijayanagara’s prosperity under Deva Raya II.
📝 Exam Tip:
Vijayanagara founded = 1336 CE = Harihara I and Bukka I = Sangama dynasty
Capital = Vijayanagara (Hampi) = Karnataka = Tungabhadra river
Vidyaranya = “kingmaker” = Sringeri Math = inspired founders
Deva Raya II = greatest Sangama ruler = employed Muslim soldiers = Abdur Razzaq visited
Krishnadevaraya = greatest Vijayanagara ruler = Tuluva dynasty