✅ Answer: B) Dadabhai NaorojiThe Drain of Wealth theory was propounded by Dadabhai Naoroji in his book “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” (1901). He argued that India’s wealth was being drained to Britain through trade surplus, home charges, and profits. He estimated the drain at £200 million per year. He is called the “Grand Old Man of India.”

✅ Answer: B) Raja Ram Mohan RoyThe Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828 in Calcutta. It was a monotheistic reform movement that rejected idol worship, caste, and Sati. Roy is called the “Father of Modern India” and “Father of Indian Renaissance.” He campaigned for the abolition of Sati, which was achieved in 1829 under Lord William Bentinck.

✅ Answer: B) Chicago, 1893Swami Vivekananda delivered his famous speech at the Parliament of World’s Religions in Chicago on September 11, 1893. He began with “Sisters and Brothers of America” — which received a standing ovation. He introduced Hinduism and Vedanta philosophy to the Western world. He founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897.

✅ Answer: B) “Back to the Vedas”The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875 in Bombay with the motto “Back to the Vedas.” It rejected idol worship, caste, child marriage, and promoted women’s education. The Shuddhi movement (reconversion) was started by Arya Samaj. DAV schools and colleges were established to promote modern education.

✅ Answer: B) Ishwar Chandra VidyasagarIshwar Chandra Vidyasagar championed the cause of widow remarriage. He collected thousands of signatures and petitioned the British government. The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act was passed in 1856 under Lord Dalhousie. Vidyasagar also promoted women’s education and simplified Bengali script. He is called “Vidyasagar” (Ocean of Knowledge).

✅ Answer: B) English as medium of instructionMacaulay’s Minute (1835) recommended English as the medium of instruction in Indian schools. His famous statement: “We must do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern — a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, opinions, morals, and intellect.” This shaped Indian education for generations.

✅ Answer: B) Fight caste discriminationJyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers’ Society) in 1873 in Maharashtra to fight against caste discrimination and promote education for lower castes and women. He opened the first school for girls in Pune (1848). His wife Savitribai Phule was India’s first woman teacher. He wrote “Gulamgiri” (Slavery) — comparing caste oppression to slavery.

✅ Answer: B) Comprehensive education policyWood’s Despatch (1854) is called the “Magna Carta of Indian Education” because it established a comprehensive education policy — from primary schools to universities. It recommended: (1) Universities in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, (2) Affiliated colleges, (3) High schools, (4) Primary schools, (5) Teacher training, (6) Women’s education, (7) Grants-in-aid system.

✅ Answer: C) Lord William BentinckThe Sati Abolition Act (Regulation XVII) was passed in 1829 by Lord William Bentinck — the first Governor-General of India (1828–1835). Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s campaign against Sati was crucial in convincing Bentinck to act. Bentinck also abolished female infanticide and suppressed Thuggee (ritual murder). He is considered a great reforming Governor-General.

✅ Answer: B) Madame Blavatsky and Colonel OlcottThe Theosophical Society was founded by Madame Helena Blavatsky (Russian) and Colonel Henry Steel Olcott (American) in New York (1875) and established its headquarters in Adyar, Madras (1882). It promoted Indian philosophy, Vedanta, and Buddhism. Annie Besant later became its president and also founded the Home Rule League (1916).