Topic 06 of 6 · Chapter 13 · Indian Polity
Elections & Emergency — Key Facts & Quick Revision
All emergency articles, past emergencies, landmark cases, election commission facts, and quick revision.
📊 Three Emergencies — Complete Comparison
| Feature | National Emergency (352) | President’s Rule (356) | Financial Emergency (360) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grounds | War, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion | Failure of constitutional machinery | Threat to financial stability |
| Proclaimed by | President (on Cabinet’s written advice) | President (on Governor’s report) | President |
| Parliamentary approval | Special majority; 1 month | Simple majority; 2 months | Simple majority; 2 months |
| Duration | 6 months; extendable | Max 3 years | No maximum |
| FR suspended? | Yes (Art. 19 auto; others by Art. 359) | No | No |
| Times proclaimed | 3 (1962, 1971, 1975) | 100+ | Never |
📋 Election Commission — Quick Facts
| Feature | Election Commission of India | State Election Commission |
|---|---|---|
| Article | 324 | 243K |
| Conducts elections to | Parliament, State Assemblies, President, VP | Panchayats and Municipalities |
| Composition | CEC + 2 Election Commissioners | State Election Commissioner |
| Appointed by | President | Governor |
| CEC removal | Same as SC judge (impeachment) | Same as HC judge |
⭐ Quick Facts:
• National Emergency: 3 times — 1962 (China), 1971 (Pakistan), 1975 (internal)
• 1975 Emergency: June 25, 1975 to March 21, 1977
• Financial Emergency: Never proclaimed
• S.R. Bommai (1994): President’s Rule subject to judicial review
• Anti-Defection Law: 10th Schedule, 52nd Amendment (1985)
• National Emergency: 3 times — 1962 (China), 1971 (Pakistan), 1975 (internal)
• 1975 Emergency: June 25, 1975 to March 21, 1977
• Financial Emergency: Never proclaimed
• S.R. Bommai (1994): President’s Rule subject to judicial review
• Anti-Defection Law: 10th Schedule, 52nd Amendment (1985)
🔑 Chapter 13 — Complete Must-Remember Facts
- ECI: Article 324; CEC + 2 ECs
- CEC removal: Same as SC judge
- FPTP: Used for Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections
- PR-STV: Used for Rajya Sabha, President, VP elections
- NOTA: Introduced in 2013
- Anti-Defection: 10th Schedule, 52nd Amendment (1985)
- National Emergency: Article 352; special majority; 3 times
- President’s Rule: Article 356; simple majority; 100+ times
- Financial Emergency: Article 360; never proclaimed
- Articles 20 and 21: Cannot be suspended even during National Emergency
- S.R. Bommai (1994): President’s Rule subject to judicial review
- 1975 Emergency: Proclaimed by PM Indira Gandhi