Defence Current Affairs Archives

Fleet Support Ship Surya: 5 Important Facts on India’s First Indigenous FSS

The Fleet Support Ship ‘Surya’ (FSS-1), India’s first indigenously built ship of this class, has been launched by Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL). This note covers what a Fleet Support Ship does, the five-ship programme, HSL’s status, and the defence-shipbuilding traps that appear in prelims.

Why in News?

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh launched FSS-1 ‘Surya’, the first indigenous Fleet Support Ship for the Indian Navy, at Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Visakhapatnam.

At the same event he:

laid the keel of the fifth Fleet Support Ship (FSS-5)
inaugurated the upgraded Slipway-4, which can build ships of up to 45,000 DWT
inaugurated a 300-tonne Goliath crane made under Make in India

Key Facts for Prelims: Fleet Support Ship ‘Surya’

Type: An auxiliary (support) ship, not a frontline combat warship
Builder: Hindustan Shipyard Limited, a Defence PSU
Programme: Five Fleet Support Ships for the Indian Navy, under a contract signed in 2023 worth about ₹19,000 crore
Size: Displacement of over 40,000 tonnes
Cargo: Fuel, aviation turbine fuel, fresh water, ammunition and provisions
Onboard features: Maintenance workshops, a helicopter deck and self-defence systems
Status: Launched, not yet commissioned. Deliveries to the Navy are expected from 2027.

What Does a Fleet Support Ship Do?

A Fleet Support Ship is a floating logistics hub. It carries out Replenishment at Sea (RAS): it transfers fuel, water and stores to warships while both ships keep moving.

Endurance: Warships need not return to port to refuel, so they can stay deployed longer.
Reach: It extends the Navy’s operating range across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Blue-water capability: A carrier battle group cannot operate far from home without such tankers.
HADR: It can carry relief material during Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief missions.

Static Link: Indian Shipyards and Maritime Vision

Hindustan Shipyard Limited: Started in 1941 as Scindia Shipyard. It has been under the Ministry of Defence since 2010 and received Miniratna Category-I status in 2025.
Other Defence PSU shipyards: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders (Mumbai), Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (Kolkata) and Goa Shipyard.
Cochin Shipyard, which built the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant, comes under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, not the Ministry of Defence.
Existing fleet tankers: The Navy already operates replenishment tankers such as INS Deepak and INS Shakti, which were built abroad.
MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) succeeded SAGAR as India’s maritime vision. It was announced in Mauritius in 2025. Support ships help India act as a “first responder” in the IOR.

Ship Launch vs Commissioning

Stage	What Happens
Steel cutting	Construction formally begins
Keel laying	The first structural block is placed on the slipway
Launch	The hull is floated into water; fitting-out of machinery and systems continues
Sea trials	The ship’s systems are tested at sea
Commissioning	Formal induction into the Navy; the ship gets the prefix “INS”

Quick Revision Table: Fleet Support Ship

Parameter	Fact
Ship	FSS-1 ‘Surya’
Category	Fleet Support Ship (auxiliary / replenishment ship)
Builder	Hindustan Shipyard Limited (Defence PSU)
Administrative ministry of HSL	Ministry of Defence
Programme size	Five Fleet Support Ships
Contract value	About ₹19,000 crore
Displacement	Over 40,000 tonnes
Core role	Replenishment at Sea: fuel, water, ammunition, stores
Strategic gain	Longer endurance and reach of the Navy in the IOR
HSL status	Miniratna Category-I

Trap / Confusing Points

Common Confusion	Correct Position
Surya has been commissioned into the Navy	No. It has only been launched. Commissioning comes after fitting-out and sea trials.
It should be called “INS Surya” now	The prefix “INS” is used only after commissioning. Until then it is FSS-1 ‘Surya’.
Surya is the Navy’s first-ever replenishment ship	No. It is the first indigenous Fleet Support Ship. The Navy already runs foreign-built tankers such as INS Deepak and INS Shakti.
A Fleet Support Ship is a combat warship	No. It is an auxiliary ship with only self-defence systems.
All public sector shipyards are under the Ministry of Defence	No. Cochin Shipyard is under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.

Practice MCQs on Fleet Support Ship

1. The primary role of a Fleet Support Ship is:
a. Anti-submarine warfare
b. Replenishing warships at sea with fuel, water and stores
c. Mine countermeasures
d. Amphibious landing of troops
Ans: B
Explanation: A Fleet Support Ship is a floating logistics hub. It keeps warships supplied at sea and extends their endurance.

2. India’s first indigenous Fleet Support Ship ‘Surya’ was built by:
a. Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders
b. Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
c. Hindustan Shipyard Limited
d. Cochin Shipyard Limited
Ans: C
Explanation: HSL, a Defence PSU, is the lead shipyard for the five-ship programme and launched FSS-1 ‘Surya’.

3. Hindustan Shipyard Limited functions under which ministry?
a. Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
b. Ministry of Heavy Industries
c. Ministry of Defence
d. Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Ans: C
Explanation: HSL was transferred to the Ministry of Defence in 2010. Cochin Shipyard is under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.

4. In naval shipbuilding, the “launch” of a ship refers to:
a. Formal induction into the Navy
b. Floating the hull into water, after which fitting-out continues
c. The first firing of its weapons
d. Completion of sea trials
Ans: B
Explanation: Launch comes after keel laying and before sea trials and commissioning. “INS” is prefixed only at commissioning.

5. India’s maritime vision MAHASAGAR, which succeeded SAGAR, was announced during the Prime Minister’s visit to:
a. Sri Lanka
b. Maldives
c. Mauritius
d. Seychelles
Ans: C
Explanation: MAHASAGAR stands for Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions. It was announced in Mauritius in 2025.

Exam tip: For defence news, always note the stage (launch, delivery or commissioning), the builder and its ministry. The Fleet Support Ship programme is a likely source of prelims statements.

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INS Nipun Commissioned: 2nd Nistar-Class Diving Support Vessel – UPSC Facts

Leave a Comment / Andhra Pradesh Current Affairs, Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs / PSCchronicles team

INS Nipun, the Indian Navy’s second indigenous Nistar-class Diving Support Vessel, has been commissioned at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai. This note gives the INS Nipun facts and the submarine-rescue background needed for prelims.

Why in News?

The Indian Navy commissioned INS Nipun, a Deep Sea Diving Support Vessel (DSV), at Mumbai.

It is the second ship of the Nistar-class, after INS Nistar (commissioned in 2025 at Visakhapatnam).

INS Nipun: Key Facts for Prelims

Builder: Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh – a Defence PSU.
Role: acts as mother ship for Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles (DSRVs) for rapid submarine rescue; also supports saturation diving up to about 300 m and salvage operations.
Around 80% indigenous content; equipped with a remotely operated vehicle, side-scan sonar and a helicopter deck.
Base: it will serve the Western Naval Command (Mumbai); INS Nistar serves the Eastern Naval Command (Visakhapatnam).
India acquired two DSRVs from the UK (James Fisher Defence) in 2018–19, making it one of the few navies with integral submarine rescue capability.

Interconnected static points

Hindustan Shipyard Limited: India’s oldest shipyard (founded 1941 as Scindia Shipyard); transferred to the Ministry of Defence in 2010.
Naval commands: Western (Mumbai), Eastern (Visakhapatnam), Southern (Kochi – training).
Navy Day: 4 December (Operation Trident, 1971). Recent inductions: INS Vikrant (indigenous carrier, 2022), INS Arighaat (SSBN, 2024), INS Tamal (last imported frigate, 2025).
Submarine rescue terminology: DSRV mates with a disabled submarine’s hatch; saturation diving lets divers work at depth for prolonged periods.

Quick Revision Table: INS Nipun

Point	Detail
Vessel	it
Class	Nistar-class Diving Support Vessel
Order in class	Second (after INS Nistar)
Builder	Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Visakhapatnam
Commissioned at	Naval Dockyard, Mumbai
Key role	Mother ship for DSRV submarine rescue
Indigenous content	About 80%

Trap / Confusing Points: INS Nipun

Confusion	Correct Position
it was built at Mazagon Dock	No – Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Visakhapatnam
INS Nipun is a submarine	No – a surface Diving Support Vessel supporting submarine rescue
Nistar and Nipun are aircraft carriers	No – DSVs; carriers are Vikrant and Vikramaditya
HSL is under the Shipping Ministry	No – under the Ministry of Defence since 2010

5 Practice MCQs on it

1. INS Nipun is the second ship of which class?
a. Nilgiri-class
b. Nistar-class
c. Visakhapatnam-class
d. Arnala-class
Ans: B
Explanation: Nistar-class Diving Support Vessels: INS Nistar (2025) and it.

2. INS Nipun was built by:
a. Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders
b. Cochin Shipyard
c. Hindustan Shipyard Limited
d. Garden Reach Shipbuilders
Ans: C
Explanation: HSL, Visakhapatnam built both Nistar-class vessels.

3. A Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) is used for:
a. Mine clearance
b. Rescuing crew of a disabled submarine
c. Anti-submarine warfare
d. Oceanographic survey
Ans: B
Explanation: DSRVs mate with a stricken submarine to evacuate its crew.

4. Indian Navy Day is celebrated on 4 December to commemorate:
a. Operation Vijay
b. Operation Trident
c. Operation Cactus
d. Operation Pawan
Ans: B
Explanation: Operation Trident (1971) was the naval attack on Karachi harbour.

5. Hindustan Shipyard Limited is located in:
a. Kochi
b. Kolkata
c. Visakhapatnam
d. Goa
Ans: C
Explanation: HSL is India’s oldest shipyard, at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

Exam tip: Revise it together with the static links above; UPSC and APPSC prelims often frame questions from these interconnections.

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To know more about the commissioning of INS Nipun, Click here.

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Aravalli Engine: HAL–Safran Deal for IMRH Helicopters – 7 Facts for UPSC

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs, Science and Technology Current Affairs / PSCchronicles team

The Aravalli engine will be the first high-power helicopter engine designed and developed in India, after HAL and Safran Helicopter Engines signed the contract through their joint venture SAFHAL. Here are the Aravalli engine facts for prelims.

Why in News?

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and France’s Safran Helicopter Engines agreed to jointly design, develop and manufacture the Aravalli engine for India’s planned 13-tonne Indian Multi-Role Helicopter (IMRH) and its naval variant, the Deck-Based Multi-Role Helicopter (DBMRH).

The contract, signed through the 50:50 joint venture SAFHAL Helicopter Engines Pvt Ltd, covers development, supply and lifecycle support.

Aravalli engine: Key Facts for Prelims

Power class: new-generation 3,500–4,000 shaft horsepower (shp) turboshaft engine.
First time a high-power helicopter engine is being designed and developed in India.
IMRH is meant to replace the Mi-17 fleet of the IAF and Army and the Sea King fleet of the Navy from the 2030s.
HAL–Safran already co-produce the Shakti (Ardiden 1H1) engine that powers ALH Dhruv, Rudra and LCH Prachand.
SAFHAL: HAL–Safran joint venture formed in 2023, headquartered in Bengaluru.

Interconnected static points

HAL: Navratna Defence PSU, HQ Bengaluru, founded 1940 as Hindustan Aircraft Ltd by Walchand Hirachand.
HAL helicopters: ALH Dhruv, Rudra (armed Dhruv), LCH Prachand, LUH (Light Utility Helicopter), IMRH (under development).
Turboshaft vs turbofan: helicopters use turboshaft engines that deliver power via a shaft to the rotor; fighters use turbofans (e.g., GE F404 for Tejas).
Other India–France defence links: Rafale, Scorpene (P-75), Safran–DRDO talks on a 110 kN engine for AMCA.

Quick Revision Table: Aravalli engine

Point	Detail
Engine	Aravalli
Partners	HAL + Safran Helicopter Engines (via SAFHAL JV)
Power	3,500–4,000 shp
Platforms	IMRH (13-tonne) and DBMRH (naval)
Replaces	Mi-17 and Sea King fleets
Existing HAL–Safran engine	Shakti (for Dhruv, Rudra, Prachand)
Significance	First high-power helicopter engine developed in India

Trap / Confusing Points: Aravalli engine

Confusion	Correct Position
Aravalli engine powers LCH Prachand	No – Prachand uses Shakti; Aravalli is for IMRH/DBMRH
Aravalli is a jet engine for fighters	No – turboshaft engine for helicopters
Safran is a US company	No – French aerospace company
IMRH is a light helicopter	No – 13-tonne medium-lift multi-role helicopter

5 Practice MCQs on Aravalli engine

1. The Aravalli engine is being developed to power which helicopter?
a. Light Combat Helicopter Prachand
b. Light Utility Helicopter
c. Indian Multi-Role Helicopter
d. ALH Dhruv
Ans: C
Explanation: Aravalli will power the 13-tonne IMRH and its naval variant DBMRH.

2. SAFHAL Helicopter Engines is a joint venture between HAL and:
a. Rolls-Royce
b. Safran
c. Pratt & Whitney
d. General Electric
Ans: B
Explanation: SAFHAL is a 50:50 JV of HAL and Safran Helicopter Engines (France).

3. The Shakti engine that powers the ALH Dhruv was co-developed by HAL with:
a. Turbomeca/Safran
b. Klimov
c. Honeywell
d. Rolls-Royce
Ans: A
Explanation: Shakti is the Indian version of Safran’s (Turbomeca) Ardiden 1H1.

4. Which type of engine is used in helicopters?
a. Turbofan
b. Turbojet
c. Turboshaft
d. Ramjet
Ans: C
Explanation: Turboshaft engines deliver power to the rotor through a shaft.

5. HAL is headquartered at:
a. Hyderabad
b. Nashik
c. Bengaluru
d. Kanpur
Ans: C
Explanation: HAL’s corporate office is in Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Aravalli engine and India’s helicopter self-reliance

The Aravalli engine programme fits into India’s push for defence indigenisation under Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Helicopter engines have long been India’s weakest link in aerospace manufacturing, with rotary-wing platforms depending on imported powerplants from France, Russia or the US.

A jointly developed Aravalli engine, built with technology transfer and local production, cuts this dependence for the IMRH and future army and naval variants.

For prelims, remember that engine technology (unlike airframes) is India’s biggest indigenisation gap, tested alongside the Tejas engine (GE F404/F414) and the Kaveri engine programme.

Exam tip: Revise Aravalli engine together with the static links above; UPSC and APPSC prelims often frame questions from these interconnections.

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To know more about the HAL–Safran Aravalli contract, Click here.

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ICGS Ajit: 7th Adamya-Class Fast Patrol Vessel Joins Indian Coast Guard

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs / PSCchronicles team

ICGS Ajit, the seventh Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessel, has been handed over by Goa Shipyard Limited to the Indian Coast Guard. This note covers ICGS Ajit and the Coast Guard facts that appear in prelims.

Why in News?

Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) formally handed over the Fast Patrol Vessel ICGS Ajit to the Indian Coast Guard, strengthening coastal surveillance capability.

ICGS Ajit: Key Facts for Prelims

Type: Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV) – a small, agile ship for high-speed interception and coastal watch.
Class: seventh vessel of the Adamya-class (eight FPVs ordered from GSL; first was ICGS Adamya).
Builder: Goa Shipyard Limited – a Defence PSU under the Ministry of Defence; over 60% indigenous content.
Roles: coastal patrol, fisheries protection, anti-smuggling, search and rescue, pollution response.
Features: controllable-pitch propellers with gearboxes for manoeuvrability, 30 mm CRN-91 gun and 12.7 mm remote-controlled guns.

Indian Coast Guard – static points

Established 1 February 1977 (interim); statutory under the Coast Guard Act, 1978.
Functions under the Ministry of Defence; motto ‘Vayam Rakshamah’ (We Protect).
Fourth armed force of India; headed by the Director General; HQ New Delhi; five regions (West, East, North-East, Andaman & Nicobar, North-West).
Coast Guard Day: 1 February. Key exercises: SAREX (search and rescue), Sahyog-HOP TAC (with Vietnam), Sahyog-Kaijin (with Japan).

Quick Revision Table: ICGS Ajit

Point	Detail
Vessel	ICGS Ajit
Type	Fast Patrol Vessel
Class	Adamya-class (7th of 8)
Builder	Goa Shipyard Limited (DPSU)
Operator	Indian Coast Guard
Main roles	Patrol, fisheries protection, SAR
ICG parent ministry	Ministry of Defence

Trap / Confusing Points: ICGS Ajit

Confusion	Correct Position
Indian Coast Guard is under the Home Ministry	No – Ministry of Defence (unlike BSF/CRPF)
ICGS Ajit is an Offshore Patrol Vessel	No – Fast Patrol Vessel (smaller than OPV)
Built by Mazagon Dock	No – Goa Shipyard Limited
First ship of its class	No – seventh; ICGS Adamya was first

5 Practice MCQs on ICGS Ajit

1. ICGS Ajit belongs to which class of vessels?
a. Samarth-class
b. Adamya-class
c. Vikram-class
d. Sachet-class
Ans: B
Explanation: It is the seventh Adamya-class fast patrol vessel.

2. Goa Shipyard Limited functions under which ministry?
a. Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
b. Ministry of Defence
c. Ministry of Heavy Industries
d. Ministry of Home Affairs
Ans: B
Explanation: GSL is a Defence Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Defence.

3. The Indian Coast Guard was established under the Coast Guard Act of:
a. 1971
b. 1977
c. 1978
d. 1982
Ans: C
Explanation: It began in 1977 and was formally constituted by the Coast Guard Act, 1978.

4. Sahyog-HOP TAC is a Coast Guard exercise between India and:
a. Japan
b. Sri Lanka
c. Vietnam
d. Indonesia
Ans: C
Explanation: Sahyog-HOP TAC is the India–Vietnam Coast Guard joint exercise.

5. Indian Coast Guard Day is observed on:
a. 4 December
b. 1 February
c. 15 January
d. 26 January
Ans: B
Explanation: 1 February marks the Coast Guard’s raising day.

Exam tip: Revise ICGS Ajit together with the static links above; UPSC and APPSC prelims often frame questions from these interconnections.

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Javelin Missile Co-Production in India: Tata–Javelin JV Deal & India’s ATGMs

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs / PSCchronicles team

The Javelin missile will now be co-produced in India after Tata Advanced Systems signed an MoU with the Javelin Joint Venture of Raytheon and Lockheed Martin. This note covers the Javelin missile deal and India’s own anti-tank guided missiles for prelims.

Why in News?

Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) and the Javelin Joint Venture (JJV) – a partnership of US firms Raytheon (RTX) and Lockheed Martin – signed a memorandum of understanding for co-production of Javelin missiles in India.

The move deepens India–US defence industrial cooperation and supports Make in India in guided munitions.

Javelin missile: Key Facts for Prelims

FGM-148 Javelin: US-made, man-portable, shoulder-fired, medium-range, third-generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM).
Fire-and-forget with an imaging infrared seeker; uses top-attack mode to hit tanks at their weakest (roof) armour; range about 2.5 km (extended to ~4 km in newer versions).
Produced by the Javelin Joint Venture of Lockheed Martin and Raytheon; India has used it in limited numbers via US Foreign Military Sales.
Third-generation ATGM = fire-and-forget guidance; second-generation = SACLOS (wire/radio-guided, operator keeps sight on target).

India’s Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (interconnected concept)

Nag: indigenous third-generation fire-and-forget ATGM by DRDO; land version fired from the NAMICA carrier (BMP-2 based).
Helina / Dhruvastra: helicopter-launched Nag, integrated on the ALH Dhruv/Rudra and LCH Prachand.
MPATGM: Man-Portable ATGM for infantry, DRDO-developed, ~2.5 km range – India’s Javelin equivalent.
SANT: stand-off anti-tank missile (air-launched, ~10 km).
Laser-guided ATGM: fired from the 120 mm gun of the Arjun main battle tank.
Imported ATGMs in service: Spike (Israel), Milan-2T (France, licence-built by BDL), Konkurs (Russia).

Quick Revision Table: Javelin missile

Point	Detail
Missile	FGM-148 Javelin
Type	Man-portable 3rd-gen ATGM, fire-and-forget
Makers	Lockheed Martin + Raytheon (Javelin JV)
Indian partner	Tata Advanced Systems Ltd
Indian equivalent	MPATGM (DRDO)
Helicopter-launched Indian ATGM	Helina / Dhruvastra
Tank-launched Indian ATGM	Laser-guided ATGM from Arjun

Trap / Confusing Points: Javelin missile

Confusion	Correct Position
Javelin is an anti-aircraft missile	No – anti-tank; the British ‘Javelin’ MANPADS is a different, older system
Nag is helicopter-launched	Nag is ground-launched (NAMICA); Helina is the helicopter version
Deal is a government-to-government purchase	No – an industry MoU for co-production (TASL–JJV)
Third-generation ATGM needs operator guidance till impact	No – third-gen is fire-and-forget; SACLOS is second-gen

5 Practice MCQs on Javelin missile

1. The Javelin anti-tank missile is jointly produced by which two companies?
a. Boeing and Northrop Grumman
b. Lockheed Martin and Raytheon
c. General Dynamics and BAE Systems
d. Thales and MBDA
Ans: B
Explanation: The Javelin Joint Venture is a Lockheed Martin–Raytheon (RTX) partnership.

2. Which Indian company signed the MoU for Javelin co-production?
a. Bharat Dynamics Limited
b. Larsen & Toubro
c. Tata Advanced Systems Limited
d. Adani Defence
Ans: C
Explanation: TASL signed with the Javelin Joint Venture.

3. ‘Helina’ is the helicopter-launched version of which missile?
a. Astra
b. Nag
c. Akash
d. BrahMos
Ans: B
Explanation: Helina (Dhruvastra) is the air-launched Nag ATGM.

4. A ‘fire-and-forget’ guidance capability is a hallmark of which generation of ATGMs?
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourth
Ans: C
Explanation: Third-generation ATGMs lock on before launch and need no further operator input.

5. The laser-guided ATGM developed by DRDO is designed to be fired from:
a. ALH Dhruv helicopter
b. Arjun main battle tank
c. Su-30MKI aircraft
d. INS Vikrant
Ans: B
Explanation: It is fired from the 120 mm rifled gun of the Arjun MBT.

Exam tip: Revise Javelin missile together with the static links above; UPSC and APPSC prelims often frame questions from these interconnections.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about the Javelin co-production agreement, Click here.

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Military Combat Parachute System: DRDO Test at 20,000 ft – 6 Key Facts

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs / PSCchronicles team

The Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS) developed by DRDO’s ADRDE has been successfully tested at one of the world’s highest drop zones. This note gives the Military Combat Parachute System facts and the DRDO background needed for prelims.

Why in News?

DRDO announced that the MCPS, designed and developed by the Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE), Agra, was tested at one of the highest-altitude drop zones in the world (Ladakh).

The parachute was deployed at 20,000 ft with a safe landing at 13,700 ft, proving its reliability and tactical employability in extreme high-altitude conditions.

Military Combat Parachute System: Key Facts for Prelims

MCPS is a ram-air (gliding) combat free-fall parachute for special forces, enabling HALO/HAHO (high altitude low/high opening) insertions with heavy combat loads.
Developer: ADRDE, Agra – the DRDO lab for parachutes, aerostats and heavy-drop systems; it also developed the P-7 heavy drop system and the Gaganyaan crew module parachutes (with ISRO).
Test significance: validates high-altitude operations relevant to the Siachen and eastern Ladakh sectors.
MCPS is part of DRDO’s push for indigenous replacement of imported combat parachutes under Aatmanirbhar Bharat.

Interconnected static points

DRDO: established 1958; HQ New Delhi; works under the Department of Defence R&D, Ministry of Defence.
Other ADRDE products: Controlled Aerial Delivery System (CADS), aerostat surveillance systems, and parachutes for the Agni/Prithvi and Gaganyaan programmes.
Related DRDO labs: DEBEL (Bengaluru – life support), DIHAR (Leh – high-altitude research), SASE (Chandigarh – snow and avalanche).
Highest battlefield: Siachen Glacier (Operation Meghdoot, 1984).

Quick Revision Table: Military Combat Parachute System

Point	Detail
System	Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS)
Developer	ADRDE, Agra (DRDO)
Type	Ram-air combat free-fall parachute
Deployment altitude in test	20,000 ft
Landing altitude	13,700 ft
Users	Special forces / paratroopers
Purpose	High-altitude insertion with combat loads

Trap / Confusing Points: Military Combat Parachute System

Confusion	Correct Position
ADRDE is located in Bengaluru	No – ADRDE is in Agra; DEBEL is in Bengaluru
MCPS is a cargo-drop parachute	No – it is a personnel combat free-fall parachute
DRDO is under the Ministry of Science	No – DRDO is under the Ministry of Defence
20,000 ft was the landing altitude	No – deployed at 20,000 ft, landed at 13,700 ft

5 Practice MCQs on Military Combat Parachute System

1. The Military Combat Parachute System was developed by which DRDO laboratory?
a. DEBEL, Bengaluru
b. ADRDE, Agra
c. ARDE, Pune
d. DRDL, Hyderabad
Ans: B
Explanation: ADRDE (Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment), Agra develops parachutes and aerial delivery systems.

2. In the recent test, the MCPS was deployed at an altitude of about:
a. 10,000 ft
b. 15,000 ft
c. 20,000 ft
d. 30,000 ft
Ans: C
Explanation: Deployment at 20,000 ft with landing at 13,700 ft.

3. DRDO was established in which year?
a. 1947
b. 1958
c. 1962
d. 1971
Ans: B
Explanation: DRDO was formed in 1958 by merging the Technical Development Establishment, DTDP and the Defence Science Organisation.

4. Which DRDO lab is located in Leh and works on high-altitude research?
a. DIHAR
b. SASE
c. DIPAS
d. DFRL
Ans: A
Explanation: DIHAR – Defence Institute of High Altitude Research – is at Leh.

5. HALO/HAHO techniques are associated with:
a. Submarine rescue
b. Combat free-fall parachuting
c. Missile guidance
d. Radar jamming
Ans: B
Explanation: High Altitude Low Opening and High Altitude High Opening are special forces free-fall insertion methods.

Exam tip: Revise Military Combat Parachute System together with the static links above; UPSC and APPSC prelims often frame questions from these interconnections.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about the DRDO parachute test, Click here.

Military Combat Parachute System: DRDO Test at 20,000 ft – 6 Key Facts Read More »

DRDO Kusha Missile: Explained

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs / PSCchronicles team

Why in News

The DRDO Kusha missile completed its maiden flight-test, with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully test-firing the indigenous ‘Kusha’ Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile from APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the Odisha coast.

Key Facts for Prelims

Project Kusha is an indigenous Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (LRSAM) system developed by DRDO to provide a multi-layered air defence shield.
It features three interceptor variants with ranges of approximately 150 km, 250 km, and 350-400 km.
Kusha is designed to counter stealth fighters, drones, and cruise missiles.
The project aims to reduce India’s import dependency for long-range air defence systems.

Interconnected Concept: Indian Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) Systems

A Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) is a ground- or sea-launched air defence system designed to destroy enemy aircraft, drones, and incoming missiles.
Akash: indigenous, medium-range, multi-target system with a strike range of 25-30 km.
MRSAM (Medium Range SAM): co-developed by DRDO and Israel Aerospace Industries, range of about 70 km.
QRSAM (Quick Reaction SAM): highly mobile, short-range system for air defence of moving armoured columns.
S-400 Triumf: long-range strategic system imported from Russia, covering threats up to 400 km.
Kusha is envisaged as an indigenous alternative in the same long-range bracket as the S-400, strengthening India’s overall air defence architecture.

Quick Revision Table

Aspect	Detail
System type	Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (LRSAM)
Developing agency	DRDO
Interceptor ranges	~150 km / 250 km / 350-400 km
Test type	Maiden flight-test vs an electronic target
Key objective	Multi-layered air defence; reduce import dependence
Comparable imported system	S-400 Triumf (Russia)

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusing Point	Clarification
Kusha vs S-400	Kusha is indigenous (DRDO-developed); S-400 is imported from Russia — don’t call Kusha a Russian system.
Kusha vs Akash	Akash is medium-range (25-30 km); Kusha is long-range, up to 350-400 km.
Kusha vs MRSAM	MRSAM is co-developed with Israel Aerospace Industries (~70 km); Kusha is a fully indigenous DRDO project.
Kusha vs QRSAM	QRSAM is a short-range, mobile system for moving columns; Kusha is a long-range, area air-defence shield.

Practice MCQs

‘Project Kusha’, being developed by DRDO, refers to which system?
a. Anti-satellite missile
b. Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile
c. Hypersonic cruise missile
d. Submarine-launched ballistic missile
Ans: b. Kusha is an indigenous Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile system.
What is the maximum interceptor range under Project Kusha?
a. 70 km
b. 150 km
c. 250 km
d. 350-400 km
Ans: d. The longest-range interceptor variant covers 350-400 km.
Project Kusha is often described as an indigenous alternative to which imported system?
a. BrahMos
b. S-400 Triumf
c. Agni-V
d. Prithvi
Ans: b. It is expected to reduce India’s dependence on the imported Russian S-400 Triumf system.
Which of the following is a short-range, mobile Indian air defence missile system meant for moving armoured columns?
a. QRSAM
b. Kusha
c. S-400
d. MRSAM
Ans: a. QRSAM (Quick Reaction SAM) is designed for on-the-move air defence of armoured columns.
MRSAM has been co-developed by DRDO in collaboration with which country?
a. USA
b. Russia
c. France
d. Israel
Ans: d. MRSAM was jointly developed by DRDO and Israel Aerospace Industries.

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DRDO Kusha missile system specifications and long-range air defence capabilities

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Ballistic Missile Defence Coalition: 10 Nations, Best Notes

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ballistic missile defence coalition of Ukraine and nine European nations — The ballistic missile defence coalition brings together ten countries

Why in News?

Ukraine and nine European countries announced a ballistic missile defence coalition to protect Europe from ballistic missile attacks and to work towards a common European missile shield.

Key Facts for Prelims: The Ballistic Missile Defence Coalition

Total members: Ten — Ukraine plus nine European nations
Member countries: Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom
Aim: Shared operational requirements, joint technical working groups, common governance and a roadmap to initial operational capability
Basis of design: Ukraine’s battlefield experience in intercepting large-scale missile attacks
Membership: The ballistic missile defence coalition remains open to other countries sharing its objectives

Interconnected Concept: Ballistic Missiles

A ballistic missile is launched like a rocket, travels most of its path along a curved trajectory under gravity, and falls on the target at very high speed. It is powered only during the initial boost phase, which is why a dedicated ballistic missile defence coalition focuses on early detection and interception.

Classification by Range

Type	Range
Tactical Ballistic Missile	Less than 300 km
Short-Range (SRBM)	300 km to 1,000 km
Medium-Range (MRBM)	1,000 km to 3,000 km
Intermediate-Range (IRBM)	3,000 km to 5,500 km
Intercontinental (ICBM)	More than 5,500 km

Ballistic vs Cruise Missile: Static Exam Link

Ballistic: Powered only in the boost phase, follows a high arched trajectory, re-enters at hypersonic speed. Example: Agni series
Cruise: Powered throughout flight, flies low and level within the atmosphere, continuously guided. Example: BrahMos, Nirbhay
India’s capability: DRDO’s two-tier Ballistic Missile Defence programme — Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) for exo-atmospheric and Advanced Air Defence (AAD) for endo-atmospheric interception
Related regime: Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), which India joined in 2016 — a voluntary export control regime, not a treaty

Why the Ballistic Missile Defence Coalition Matters

The ballistic missile defence coalition is significant less for the hardware it will eventually field and more for what it signals about European strategic autonomy. Missile defence has traditionally been organised through NATO structures that depend heavily on American sensors, interceptors and command systems. By pooling requirements among ten states, the coalition attempts to build a European capability that can function alongside, rather than entirely within, existing alliance arrangements.

Technically, defending against ballistic missiles is far harder than defending against aircraft. A warhead re-enters the atmosphere at several kilometres per second, leaving an interception window measured in seconds. Effective defence therefore requires layered systems: space-based or long-range radar for early warning, exo-atmospheric interceptors for the midcourse phase, and endo-atmospheric interceptors for the terminal phase. This layering is exactly the logic behind India’s own two-tier programme, and it is a favourite comparison in examination questions.

For Indian aspirants, three linkages are worth remembering. First, the distinction between ballistic and cruise missiles, which turns on propulsion and trajectory rather than on range or payload. Second, the classification of missiles by range, from tactical systems up to intercontinental ones. Third, the export-control architecture, especially the Missile Technology Control Regime, the Wassenaar Arrangement and the Hague Code of Conduct, all of which India has joined, and none of which is a legally binding treaty.

Quick Revision Table: Ballistic Missile Defence Coalition

Parameter	Detail
Number of Countries	Ten (Ukraine and nine European nations)
Members	Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK
Objective	Common European ballistic missile shield
ICBM Range	Above 5,500 km
IRBM Range	3,000 to 5,500 km
India’s BMD Interceptors	PAD (exo-atmospheric) and AAD (endo-atmospheric)

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusion	Correct Fact
The coalition has nine members in total	It has ten — Ukraine plus nine European nations
It is a NATO command structure	It is a coalition of willing states, not a NATO body
Ballistic missiles are powered throughout flight	They are powered only in the boost phase; cruise missiles are powered throughout
MRBM range is 300 to 1,000 km	That is the SRBM range; MRBM is 1,000 to 3,000 km
MTCR is a legally binding treaty	MTCR is an informal, voluntary export control grouping; India joined in 2016

Practice MCQs

1. How many countries in total are part of the newly announced ballistic missile defence coalition?

a. Eight
b. Nine
c. Ten
d. Twelve

Ans: C
Ukraine along with nine European nations.

2. Which of the following is NOT a member of the coalition?

a. Norway
b. Sweden
c. Poland
d. Denmark

Ans: C
The members are Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the UK.

3. An Intercontinental Ballistic Missile is one with a range of:

a. More than 1,000 km
b. More than 3,000 km
c. More than 5,500 km
d. More than 10,000 km

Ans: C
ICBMs are defined as having a range exceeding 5,500 km.

4. Which statement correctly distinguishes a ballistic missile from a cruise missile?

a. Ballistic missiles are powered throughout their flight
b. Cruise missiles follow a high arched trajectory under gravity
c. Ballistic missiles are powered only during the boost phase
d. Cruise missiles cannot be guided after launch

Ans: C
A ballistic missile is powered only in the boost phase, while a cruise missile is powered and guided throughout.

5. India’s two-tier Ballistic Missile Defence programme uses which interceptors?

a. Akash and Trishul
b. Prithvi Air Defence and Advanced Air Defence
c. Barak-8 and QRSAM
d. Nag and Nirbhay

Ans: B
PAD intercepts at exo-atmospheric and AAD at endo-atmospheric altitudes, both from DRDO.

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INS Dunagiri, INS Sanshodhak, INS Agray Commissioned by PM | UPSC Notes

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Why in News?

The Prime Minister commissioned three indigenously designed and built naval ships at Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata — INS Dunagiri (stealth frigate), INS Sanshodhak (survey vessel), and INS Agray (anti-submarine warfare craft). All three were designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau and constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.

Key Facts for Prelims

INS Dunagiri

Type: Stealth Guided-Missile Frigate
Project: Project 17A (Nilgiri-class); Fifth ship under Project 17A

INS Sanshodhak

Type: Hydrographic Survey Vessel (Large) — SVL; Sandhayak-class; Fourth and final; Pennant J24
Name Meaning: “Researcher”

INS Agray

Type: Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC)

Quick Revision Table

Ship	Type	Class/Project
INS Dunagiri	Stealth Guided-Missile Frigate	Project 17A (Nilgiri-class), 5th ship
INS Sanshodhak	Hydrographic Survey Vessel (Large)	Sandhayak-class SVL, 4th & final
INS Agray	Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft	ASW SWC

Trap / Confusing Points

Confusion	Correct Fact
INS Dunagiri is the first Project 17A ship	It is the fifth ship under Project 17A
INS Sanshodhak is a combat vessel	It is a survey/oceanographic vessel
These ships are imported	All three indigenously designed by Warship Design Bureau and built by GRSE
GRSE is under Ministry of Shipping	GRSE is a DPSU under Ministry of Defence
Commissioned at Mumbai	Commissioned at Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata

Practice MCQs

1. INS Dunagiri belongs to which project?

a. Project 15B
b. Project 17A
c. Project 75
d. Project 28

Ans: B
INS Dunagiri is the fifth ship under Project 17A (Nilgiri-class) stealth frigates.

2. INS Sanshodhak is the fourth and final vessel of which class?

a. Shivalik-class
b. Nilgiri-class
c. Sandhayak-class
d. Vikrant-class

Ans: C
INS Sanshodhak (J24) is the fourth and final Sandhayak-class SVL.

3. All three naval ships were built by which company?

a. Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders
b. Hindustan Shipyard
c. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers
d. Cochin Shipyard

Ans: C
GRSE, Kolkata built all three vessels.

4. INS Agray is primarily designed for which role?

a. Aircraft carrier operations
b. Deep-sea survey
c. Anti-Submarine Warfare in shallow waters
d. Amphibious landing

Ans: C
INS Agray is an ASW Shallow Water Craft for anti-submarine warfare.

5. Where were the three ships commissioned?

a. Visakhapatnam Port
b. Mumbai Port
c. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata
d. Jawaharlal Nehru Port

Ans: C
Commissioned at Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata.

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Lt. Gen. Dhiraj Seth Appointed as Next Army Chief | UPSC Notes

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Why in News?

The Government of India has appointed Lieutenant General Dhiraj Seth, currently serving as the Vice Chief of the Army Staff (VCOAS), as the next Chief of the Army Staff (COAS). He succeeds General Upendra Dwivedi, who is retiring from service.

Key Facts for UPSC Prelims

Dhiraj Seth was serving as Vice Chief of Army Staff before elevation.
Retirement age for Army Chief: 62 years or completion of 3 years in office — whichever comes first.
The COAS is appointed by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC), headed by the Prime Minister.
The Army Chief holds the rank of General (4-star rank).

Current Military Leadership of India

Post	Officer
Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)	General N.S. Raja Subramani
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS)	General Dhiraj Seth
Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS)	Admiral Krishna Swaminathan
Chief of the Air Staff (CAS)	Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh

Static/Exam Connect: Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)

The post of CDS was created in 2020 on the recommendation of the Kargil Review Committee (2000) and Naresh Chandra Task Force (2012).
General Bipin Rawat was India’s first CDS (appointed January 1, 2020).
CDS acts as the Permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC).
CDS is a 4-star officer (General/Admiral/Air Chief Marshal rank).
The CDS heads the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) under the Ministry of Defence.
Theaterisation: The CDS is mandated to achieve tri-service integration through military theatres.

Quick Revision Table

Fact	Detail
New Army Chief	Lt. Gen. Dhiraj Seth
Previous Post	Vice Chief of Army Staff (VCOAS)
Predecessor	General Upendra Dwivedi
Army Chief Retirement Age	62 years OR 3 years tenure (whichever earlier)
Army Chief Rank	General (4-star)
Current CDS	General N.S. Raja Subramani
CDS Created	2020
First CDS	General Bipin Rawat

Trap / Confusing Points

Common Confusion	Correct Fact
CDS and COAS are the same post	No — CDS is head of all three services; COAS heads only the Army
Army Chief retires at 60	Retirement age is 62 years (unlike IAS/IPS who retire at 60)
CDS was India’s first tri-service chief	Partially true — CDS is not an operational commander; Integrated Theatre Commands will have separate commanders
VCOAS directly becomes COAS	Not automatic — appointment is by ACC; VCOAS is a common but not guaranteed route

Practice MCQs

1. Who among the following holds the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) as of 2025?

a. Admiral Krishna Swaminathan
b. General Dhiraj Seth
c. General N.S. Raja Subramani
d. Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh

Ans: C
General N.S. Raja Subramani is the current CDS. The CDS is different from the Army Chief (COAS).

2. The post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in India was established in:

a. 2019
b. 2020
c. 2018
d. 2022

Ans: B
The CDS was created on 1 January 2020. General Bipin Rawat was the first CDS.

3. What is the retirement age of the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS)?

a. 60 years
b. 62 years or 2 years in office
c. 62 years or 3 years in office
d. 65 years

Ans: C
The COAS retires at 62 years of age or on completion of 3 years in office, whichever comes earlier.

4. Which committee recommended the creation of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)?

a. Naresh Chandra Committee (2012)
b. Kargil Review Committee (2000)
c. Both A and B
d. K. Subrahmanyam Committee

Ans: C
Both the Kargil Review Committee (2000) and the Naresh Chandra Task Force (2012) recommended creating the CDS post.

5. The CDS heads which department under the Ministry of Defence?

a. Department of Defence Production
b. Department of Military Affairs (DMA)
c. Department of Defence Research
d. Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare

Ans: B
The CDS is the Secretary of the Department of Military Affairs (DMA), which was newly created in 2020 under MoD.

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