✅ Answer: A) 1 and 2 onlyStatements 1 and 2 are correct. The revolt started at Meerut on May 10, 1857. Bahadur Shah Zafar II was declared the leader. Statement 3 is incorrect — Rani Lakshmibai did NOT die at Jhansi. She escaped from Jhansi and died fighting at Gwalior in June 1858. She fought bravely at both Jhansi and Gwalior.

✅ Answer: A) W.C. BonnerjeeW.C. Bonnerjee (Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee) was the first president of the Indian National Congress at its inaugural session in Bombay in December 1885. He was a lawyer from Calcutta. Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Indian president in 1886. A.O. Hume was the founder but not the president.

✅ Answer: B) Partition of BengalThe Swadeshi movement was a direct response to the Partition of Bengal (October 16, 1905) by Lord Curzon. Indians boycotted British goods and promoted Indian-made goods (Swadeshi). The movement also promoted national education and national industries. It was the first mass movement in India and a precursor to Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement.

✅ Answer: A) Moderate phaseGopal Krishna Gokhale was the leading figure of the Moderate phase (1885–1905). He believed in constitutional methods — petitions, prayers, and working within the British system. He founded the Servants of India Society (1905). He was Mahatma Gandhi’s political mentor. Tilak called Moderates “political mendicants” for their approach.

✅ Answer: B) Separate electorates for MuslimsThe Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act, 1909) introduced separate electorates for Muslims — Muslims could only vote for Muslim candidates. This was a major concession to the Muslim League and was seen by nationalists as a “divide and rule” policy. It planted the seeds of communal politics that eventually led to Partition in 1947.

✅ Answer: B) Nana SahibTantia Tope was the general of Nana Sahib (Dhondu Pant) during the 1857 Revolt at Kanpur. After Nana Sahib’s defeat, Tantia Tope continued guerrilla warfare for months. He was eventually captured and executed in 1859. He is celebrated as a hero of the 1857 Revolt for his prolonged resistance against the British.

✅ Answer: B) Transferred power from EIC to British CrownThe Government of India Act 1858 transferred power from the East India Company to the British Crown — a direct consequence of the 1857 Revolt. Queen Victoria became the sovereign of India. The Governor-General was renamed Viceroy. A Secretary of State for India was appointed in London. The EIC was dissolved after 258 years.

✅ Answer: C) BengalBipin Chandra Pal was from Bengal — he is the “Pal” in “Lal-Bal-Pal.” He was a fiery orator and journalist who advocated complete independence (Purna Swaraj) — more radical than Tilak. He published the newspaper “New India.” He was one of the first to advocate complete independence from Britain, not just self-government within the Empire.

✅ Answer: B) DyarchyThe Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (Government of India Act 1919) introduced Dyarchy in provinces — provincial subjects were divided into “transferred” (education, health, agriculture — under Indian ministers) and “reserved” (finance, law, police — under British control). This was a limited step towards self-government. It was criticised as inadequate by nationalists.

✅ Answer: B) Detention without trialThe Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed the British to detain any person suspected of sedition without trial — “No appeal, no vakil (lawyer), no dalil (argument).” It was called the “Black Act” by Indians. Gandhi launched a nationwide hartal (strike) against it. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (April 13, 1919) occurred during protests against this act.