✅ Answer: B) Harihara I and Bukka IThe Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 CE by brothers Harihara I and Bukka I of the Sangama dynasty. They were former officers of the Hoysala kingdom who had been captured by Muhammad bin Tughlaq and converted to Islam, but later reconverted to Hinduism with the help of sage Vidyaranya. The capital was Vijayanagara (modern Hampi).

✅ Answer: B) AmuktamalyadaKrishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada — a Telugu poem about the love of Vishnu and Andal (a Tamil saint). It is considered a masterpiece of Telugu literature. Krishnadevaraya also patronised the Ashtadiggajas — eight great Telugu poets at his court. He is called “Andhra Bhoja” for his patronage of Telugu literature.

✅ Answer: B) Defeat of Vijayanagara; Hampi sackedThe Battle of Talikota (January 23, 1565 CE) resulted in the defeat of Vijayanagara. Four Deccan Sultanates (Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar) united against Vijayanagara. King Aliya Rama Raya was captured and beheaded. Hampi was sacked and destroyed. This marked the end of Vijayanagara’s glory.

✅ Answer: C) Muhammad Quli Qutb ShahThe Charminar was built by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (5th ruler of Golconda Sultanate) in 1591 CE to commemorate the founding of Hyderabad city. It has four minarets (char = four, minar = tower). The Golconda Sultanate was famous for its diamonds — the Koh-i-Noor and Hope Diamond originated from Golconda mines.

✅ Answer: B) World’s second largest domeThe Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur, Karnataka) has the world’s second largest dome (after St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome). It is the mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah (Bijapur Sultanate). It is also famous for its “whispering gallery” — a circular gallery inside the dome where whispers can be heard across the room. Built in 1656 CE.

✅ Answer: B) Musical pillars and stone chariotThe Vittala Temple at Hampi is famous for its musical pillars (which produce musical notes when tapped) and a stone chariot (ratha) in the courtyard. It was built during Krishnadevaraya’s reign. The Hazara Rama Temple is famous for its Ramayana scenes on the walls. Both are part of the Hampi UNESCO World Heritage Site.

✅ Answer: B) Military feudalismThe Nayankara system was a form of military feudalism in Vijayanagara. Nayakas (military commanders) received land grants (amaram) in exchange for maintaining troops and paying tribute to the king. This system was similar to the Iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate. The Ayagar system was the village administration system.

✅ Answer: B) Bahmani KingdomMahmud Gawan was the great minister (Wazir) of the Bahmani Kingdom under Muhammad Shah III. He was a Persian merchant who rose to become the most powerful minister. He built the famous Madrasa at Bidar. He was executed in 1481 CE due to court intrigues — his death weakened the Bahmani Kingdom, leading to its breakup into five Deccan Sultanates.

✅ Answer: C) KarnatakaHampi is located in Karnataka (Bellary district), on the banks of the Tungabhadra river. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The ruins of Vijayanagara — temples, palaces, markets, and fortifications — spread over 26 sq km. The Virupaksha Temple at Hampi is still active and is one of the oldest functioning temples in India.

✅ Answer: C) AhmadnagarChand Bibi was the regent of Ahmadnagar Sultanate who heroically defended Ahmadnagar fort against Akbar’s forces (1595 CE). She was the daughter of Hussain Nizam Shah I of Ahmadnagar and wife of Ali Adil Shah I of Bijapur. She was eventually killed by her own courtiers. She is celebrated as a symbol of Deccan resistance against Mughal expansion.