✅ Answer: C) IrelandThe Directive Principles of State Policy were borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had similar provisions called “Directive Principles of Social Policy.” The Irish Constitution itself was influenced by the Spanish Constitution of 1931.

✅ Answer: B) Article 37Article 37 states that the provisions of Part IV (DPSPs) shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are “fundamental in the governance of the country” and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.

✅ Answer: C) Uniform Civil Code for citizensArticle 44 directs the State to endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for citizens throughout India. It is the most controversial DPSP. Goa is the only state with a Uniform Civil Code.

✅ Answer: C) Article 39A — Equal Justice and Free Legal AidArticles 39A (equal justice and free legal aid), 43A (workers’ participation in management), and 48A (environment protection) were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976).

✅ Answer: D) Minerva Mills case (1980)In Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980), the Supreme Court held that harmony and balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSP is an essential feature of the basic structure of the Constitution. The Court struck down clauses 4 and 5 of Article 368 added by the 42nd Amendment.

✅ Answer: C) 73rd AmendmentArticle 40 (village panchayats) is the constitutional basis for the 73rd Amendment (1992), which gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions by adding Part IX (Articles 243-243O) and the 11th Schedule.

✅ Answer: C) Article 48 — Prohibition of cow slaughterArticle 48 (organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry; prohibition of slaughter of cows, calves, and milch/draught cattle) is a Gandhian DPSP. Article 39A is Socialistic, Article 44 and 51 are Liberal-Intellectual.

✅ Answer: C) Separate the judiciary from the executiveArticle 50 directs the State to take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1973 gave effect to this by separating judicial magistrates from executive magistrates.

✅ Answer: A) 1st Amendment — adding Article 15(4)The Champakam Dorairajan case (1951) held that FR prevail over DPSP. To overcome this, Parliament passed the 1st Amendment (1951) which added Article 15(4), allowing the State to make special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes and SC/ST.

✅ Answer: B) 42nd Amendment, 1976Article 48A (protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife) was added by the 42nd Amendment (1976). Along with Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty to protect environment), it forms the constitutional basis for environmental protection in India.