✅ Answer: B) Dr. B.R. AmbedkarDr. B.R. Ambedkar described the Indian Constitution as “federal in form but unitary in spirit.” K.C. Wheare called it “quasi-federal.” Granville Austin called it “cooperative federalism.”

✅ Answer: C) Federal structure with Centre-State division of powersThe federal structure, including the division of powers between Centre and States (Union List, State List, Concurrent List), was borrowed from the Government of India Act, 1935. This is the single largest source of the Indian Constitution.

✅ Answer: B) IrelandThe Directive Principles of State Policy were borrowed from the Irish Constitution. Ireland was the first country to include such directives in its constitution. India adapted this concept to guide the state in making laws and policies for social and economic welfare.

✅ Answer: C) Article 32Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) the “heart and soul of the Constitution.” This article gives citizens the right to approach the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of Fundamental Rights through writs.

✅ Answer: B) 44th Amendment, 1978The Right to Property (Article 31) was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978. It was made a legal right under Article 300A. Now there are only 6 Fundamental Rights instead of the original 7.

✅ Answer: A) The Union (Centre)In India, residuary powers are vested with the Centre (Union). This is a unitary feature of the Indian Constitution. In contrast, in the USA, residuary powers are with the States. India borrowed this feature from Canada.

✅ Answer: A) 42nd Amendment, 1976The Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) were added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. Originally 10 duties were added. The 11th duty was added by the 86th Amendment (2002).

✅ Answer: C) Single citizenship for all IndiansSingle citizenship is a unitary feature — all Indians are citizens of India only, not of any particular state. In contrast, the USA has dual citizenship (national and state). Written Constitution, division of powers, and independent judiciary are federal features.

✅ Answer: C) JapanThe concept of “Procedure established by law” (Article 21) was borrowed from the Japanese Constitution. This is different from the American concept of “Due process of law.” In India, the Supreme Court in the Maneka Gandhi case (1978) expanded the scope of Article 21 to include “due process” elements.

✅ Answer: C) India has a single integrated judiciary unlike the USAIndia has a single integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the apex. The USA has separate federal and state court systems. India has single citizenship (not dual like USA), residuary powers with Centre (not States), and Parliamentary (not Presidential) government.