✅ Answer: B) 42nd Amendment, 1976The 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) added Article 51A to the Constitution, inserting 10 Fundamental Duties. The 86th Amendment (2002) added the 11th duty — duty of parents to provide education to children aged 6-14 years.

✅ Answer: C) 11Currently there are 11 Fundamental Duties. The 42nd Amendment (1976) added 10 duties (Article 51A(a) to 51A(j)). The 86th Amendment (2002) added the 11th duty (Article 51A(k)) — duty of parents to provide education to children aged 6-14 years.

✅ Answer: C) Soviet Union (USSR)Fundamental Duties were borrowed from the Constitution of the Soviet Union (USSR). The USSR Constitution had provisions for both rights and duties of citizens. FR from USA, DPSP from Ireland, FD from USSR.

✅ Answer: B) Swaran Singh CommitteeThe Swaran Singh Committee (1976) recommended the addition of Fundamental Duties to the Constitution. The Committee recommended 8 duties, but the 42nd Amendment added 10. The Committee also recommended that FDs should be enforceable, but this was not accepted.

✅ Answer: C) 86th Amendment, 2002The 86th Amendment (2002) added the 11th Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(k)). The same amendment also added Article 21A (Right to Education as FR) and changed Article 45 (DPSP for early childhood care).

✅ Answer: B) Non-justiciable — not directly enforceable by courtsFundamental Duties are non-justiciable — they cannot be directly enforced by courts. However, Parliament can enact laws to enforce them, and courts can use FDs to interpret laws and determine the reasonableness of restrictions on Fundamental Rights.

✅ Answer: B) Article 51A(g)Article 51A(g) directs citizens to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Together with Article 48A (DPSP), it forms the constitutional basis for environmental protection.

✅ Answer: C) Students cannot be expelled for not singing the anthem if they stand respectfullyIn Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala (1986), the Supreme Court held that students (Jehovah’s Witnesses) could not be expelled for not singing the national anthem, as long as they stood respectfully. The duty is to show respect, not necessarily to sing.

✅ Answer: B) Only citizens of IndiaFundamental Duties apply only to citizens of India — not to foreigners. This is different from some Fundamental Rights (like Articles 14, 20, 21) which are available to all persons including foreigners.

✅ Answer: C) Article 51A(h)Article 51A(h) directs citizens to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. This duty promotes rational thinking and scientific approach — countering superstition and blind faith. It is considered unique to the Indian Constitution.