✅ Answer: B) 21.9%The Tendulkar Committee (2009) estimated India’s poverty at 21.9% of population in 2011-12. The poverty line was ₹27/day (rural) and ₹33/day (urban). The Rangarajan Committee (2014) gave a higher estimate of 29.5% using a more comprehensive methodology.

✅ Answer: B) UNDP and OPHIThe MPI was developed jointly by UNDP and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) in 2010. It measures poverty across three dimensions: Health, Education, and Living Standards using 10 indicators.

✅ Answer: C) Disguised unemploymentDisguised unemployment is most prevalent in Indian agriculture. More workers are employed than needed — their marginal productivity is zero. If removed, agricultural output would not fall. India’s agriculture employs ~45% of workforce but contributes only ~18% of GDP.

✅ Answer: C) 100 daysMGNREGA guarantees 100 days of wage employment per year per rural household. This can be extended to 150 days in drought-affected areas. Work must be provided within 15 days of application; otherwise, an unemployment allowance is paid.

✅ Answer: C) 134India’s HDI rank is 134 out of 193 countries (2023 HDR). India’s HDI score is 0.644, placing it in the Medium HDI category. India ranks below China (75), Sri Lanka (78), and Bangladesh (129) but above Pakistan (164) and Nepal (146).

✅ Answer: B) Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya SenHDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen in 1990 for UNDP. It was a revolutionary concept — measuring development beyond GDP to include health, education, and standard of living.

✅ Answer: A) Perfect equalityGini coefficient ranges from 0 to 1. 0 = perfect equality (everyone has same income); 1 = perfect inequality (one person has all income). India’s Gini is ~0.35 (income) and ~0.45 (wealth). South Africa has the world’s highest Gini at ~0.63.

✅ Answer: C) ₹5 lakhAyushman Bharat (PMJAY) provides ₹5 lakh health insurance per family per year for secondary and tertiary hospitalisation. It covers the bottom 40% of India’s population (~50 crore people). It is the world’s largest government-funded health insurance scheme, launched in 2018.

✅ Answer: A) KeralaKerala consistently has the highest HDI in India due to near-100% literacy, excellent healthcare infrastructure, high life expectancy, and strong women’s empowerment. Kerala’s “development model” — high social spending despite moderate income — is studied globally.

✅ Answer: C) 415 millionIndia lifted 415 million people out of multidimensional poverty between 2005-06 and 2019-21 — the fastest reduction ever recorded in MPI history (UNDP, 2023). The biggest improvements were in cooking fuel (Ujjwala Yojana), sanitation (Swachh Bharat), and electricity (Saubhagya).