✅ Answer: B) Known for generosityQutb-ud-din Aibak was called “Lakh Baksh” (giver of lakhs) because of his extraordinary generosity — he gave away lakhs of rupees in charity. He was also called “Qutb-ud-din” (Pole Star of Religion). He founded the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 CE and died in 1210 CE while playing polo.

✅ Answer: B) Land revenue assignment to officialsThe Iqta system assigned land revenue collection rights (Iqtas) to officials (Iqtadars/Muqtis) instead of paying them cash salaries. The Iqtadar collected revenue from the assigned territory and kept a portion as salary. This system was introduced by Iltutmish and continued throughout the Sultanate period.

✅ Answer: B) IltutmishRazia Sultana was the daughter of Iltutmish. Iltutmish nominated her as his successor — unusual for the time. She ruled from 1236–1240 CE and was the first and only woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. She discarded purdah, appeared in public without veil, and appointed Malik Yakut (an Abyssinian) as her favourite, which angered Turkish nobles.

✅ Answer: B) Maintaining army at low costAlauddin Khalji’s market reforms were primarily aimed at maintaining a large army at low cost. By fixing prices of goods (especially grain, cloth, horses), he could pay soldiers lower salaries while ensuring they could afford necessities. This allowed him to maintain a large army to repel Mongol invasions and conquer the Deccan.

✅ Answer: B) 1327 CEMuhammad bin Tughlaq transferred the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (renamed Daulatabad) in 1327 CE. He forced the entire population of Delhi to move — a distance of 1,500 km. The scheme failed due to water scarcity and the difficulty of governing North India from the Deccan. He reversed the decision after 2 years.

✅ Answer: A) IltutmishThe Qutb Minar was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and completed by Iltutmish. It is 72.5 metres tall and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Alauddin Khalji added the Alai Darwaza (gateway). Firuz Shah Tughlaq repaired the top two storeys after lightning damage. The minar is named after Sufi saint Qutb-ud-din Bakhtiyar Kaki.

✅ Answer: B) Shadow of God (Zil-i-Ilahi)Balban’s theory of kingship stated that the king is the “Shadow of God” (Zil-i-Ilahi) — divine and absolute. He introduced Persian court etiquette: sijda (prostration before the king) and paibos (kissing the king’s feet). He crushed the Chalisa (Forty) — a group of powerful Turkish nobles who had dominated earlier sultans.

✅ Answer: B) Ibrahim LodiThe First Battle of Panipat (April 21, 1526 CE) was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi (last Lodi sultan). Babur won decisively using gunpowder and artillery — new weapons that Ibrahim Lodi’s army couldn’t counter. Ibrahim Lodi was killed in battle. This ended the Delhi Sultanate and established the Mughal Empire.

✅ Answer: C) Alauddin KhaljiMalik Kafur was the general of Alauddin Khalji who conducted successful Deccan campaigns. He defeated the Yadavas of Devagiri, Kakatiyas of Warangal, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra, and Pandyas of Madurai — bringing enormous wealth to Delhi. Malik Kafur was a eunuch slave who rose to become Alauddin’s most trusted general.

✅ Answer: C) Copper (and brass)Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced token currency — copper and brass coins to replace silver coins. The idea was sound (like modern paper currency) but failed because the government couldn’t prevent forgery. People forged coins at home, flooding the market with fake currency. The scheme was abandoned and caused great financial loss.