✅ Answer: A) 1 and 3 onlyStatements 1 and 3 are correct. Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Ramakrishna Mission was founded in 1897 by Swami Vivekananda. Statement 2 is incorrect — Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati (not Vivekananda) in 1875. Vivekananda was a disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.

✅ Answer: B) Finsbury CentralDadabhai Naoroji was elected as Liberal MP from Finsbury Central in 1892 — the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament. He served one term (1892–1895). He used his position to raise issues of Indian poverty and the drain of wealth. He is called the “Grand Old Man of India” and was a mentor to Mahatma Gandhi.

✅ Answer: C) 1873Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers’ Society) in 1873 in Maharashtra. It fought against caste discrimination and promoted education for lower castes and women. Phule opened the first school for girls in Pune in 1848. His wife Savitribai Phule was India’s first woman teacher. He wrote “Gulamgiri” (Slavery) in 1873.

✅ Answer: B) Reconverting HindusThe Shuddhi movement was started by the Arya Samaj to reconvert Hindus who had converted to Islam or Christianity back to Hinduism. It was controversial — Muslim organisations started the Tabligh movement in response. The Shuddhi movement was later led by Swami Shraddhananda. It contributed to Hindu-Muslim tensions in the 1920s.

✅ Answer: B) Initiated social, religious, and educational reformsRaja Ram Mohan Roy is called the “Father of Indian Renaissance” because he initiated a wide range of reforms: abolition of Sati, promotion of women’s education, widow remarriage, English education, Western science, and monotheistic religion (Brahmo Samaj). He was the first Indian to engage with Western ideas while remaining rooted in Indian tradition.

✅ Answer: B) Lord LyttonThe Vernacular Press Act (1878) was passed by Lord Lytton to suppress Indian language newspapers that were criticising British policies. It was called the “Gagging Act” by Indians. It was repealed in 1882 by Lord Ripon. The act increased nationalist sentiment — Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Kesari and Mahratta newspapers became more popular after this.

✅ Answer: B) Textile industryDeindustrialisation primarily affected the textile industry — especially handloom weavers. British machine-made textiles flooded India at lower prices, destroying the traditional handloom industry. Dacca muslin — once world-famous — virtually disappeared. Weavers became agricultural labourers, increasing pressure on land. This is a key example of British economic exploitation of India.

✅ Answer: A) Brahmo SamajKeshab Chandra Sen was a leader of the Brahmo Samaj. He joined the Brahmo Samaj under Debendranath Tagore and later split to form the Brahmo Samaj of India (1866). He promoted inter-caste marriage and women’s education. He later founded the Nava Vidhan (New Dispensation) — a more eclectic religious movement. He was a charismatic preacher who attracted many followers.

✅ Answer: B) Zamindars as permanent landownersThe Permanent Settlement (1793) by Lord Cornwallis created zamindars as permanent landowners in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Zamindars paid a fixed revenue to the British and kept the rest. This created a loyal class of zamindars but exploited peasants — zamindars could evict peasants for non-payment. It also led to absentee landlordism and agricultural stagnation.

✅ Answer: C) HindiSwami Dayananda Saraswati wrote Satyarth Prakash (Light of Truth) in Hindi — the language of the common people. This was significant because it promoted Hindi as a national language. The book criticised idol worship, caste system, child marriage, and also criticised Islam and Christianity. It became the foundational text of the Arya Samaj movement.