๐ Topic 05 of 6 ยท Chapter 03 ยท Nuclear Technology
NPT, CTBT & NSG โ India’s Position
India not signed NPT CTBT, NSG waiver 2008, India-US nuclear deal โ complete notes for UPSC & PSC exams.
โ๏ธ Nuclear Treaties โ India’s Position
| Treaty/Group | Full Name | Year | India’s Position | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NPT | Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty | 1968 | NOT signed | Discriminatory โ recognises only 5 P5 countries as nuclear states; India considers it a “nuclear apartheid” |
| CTBT | Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | 1996 | NOT signed | India conducted Pokhran-II tests in 1998; CTBT not in force as key countries haven’t ratified |
| NSG | Nuclear Suppliers Group | 1974 | Received waiver (2008) | India-US nuclear deal; can import nuclear technology despite not signing NPT |
| IAEA Safeguards | International Atomic Energy Agency | โ | Partial safeguards | India placed civilian nuclear facilities under IAEA safeguards (military facilities excluded) |
| PTBT | Partial Test Ban Treaty | 1963 | Signed | Bans nuclear tests in atmosphere, underwater, outer space (not underground) |
โ๏ธ India-US Nuclear Deal (123 Agreement, 2008)
- Signed in 2008 under PM Manmohan Singh and US President George W. Bush
- India agreed to: separate civilian and military nuclear facilities; place civilian facilities under IAEA safeguards
- USA agreed to: allow nuclear trade with India; help India get NSG waiver
- India received NSG waiver in September 2008 โ can import nuclear fuel and technology
- Ended India’s nuclear isolation after 1998 Pokhran tests
- India can now import nuclear reactors from USA, France, Russia, Japan
โญ Key Facts:
โข India has NOT signed NPT (1968) โ considers it discriminatory
โข India has NOT signed CTBT (1996) โ conducted Pokhran-II in 1998
โข India received NSG waiver in 2008 through India-US nuclear deal
โข IAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency = HQ Vienna = safeguards
โข India trying to become full NSG member โ China blocking it
โข India has NOT signed NPT (1968) โ considers it discriminatory
โข India has NOT signed CTBT (1996) โ conducted Pokhran-II in 1998
โข India received NSG waiver in 2008 through India-US nuclear deal
โข IAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency = HQ Vienna = safeguards
โข India trying to become full NSG member โ China blocking it