⚗️ Nanotechnology in Electronics

• Nano transistors — transistors at nanometre scale; enables more powerful, energy-efficient chips; Moore’s Law
• QLED displays — Quantum dot LED displays; Samsung QLED TVs use quantum dots for vivid colours
• Nano memory — carbon nanotube-based memory; faster and denser than conventional memory
• Flexible electronics — graphene-based flexible displays and circuits
• Nano sensors — detect chemicals, gases, biological molecules at very low concentrations

⚗️ Smart Materials

• Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) — return to original shape when heated; Nitinol (Nickel-Titanium); used in medical stents, orthodontic wires
• Piezoelectric materials — generate electricity when stressed; used in sensors, actuators, energy harvesting
• Magnetostrictive materials — change shape in magnetic fields; used in actuators
• Electrochromic materials — change colour with voltage; smart windows
• Self-healing materials — repair themselves when damaged; inspired by biological systems