✅ Answer: A) 1 and 3 onlyPairs 1 and 3 are correctly matched. ISRO is headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. CSIR is headquartered in New Delhi. Pair 2 is incorrect — DRDO is headquartered in New Delhi (not Mumbai). BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) is in Mumbai. TIFR is also in Mumbai. ICAR is in New Delhi. ICMR is in New Delhi. DAE is in Mumbai. Remember: ISRO = Bengaluru; DRDO, CSIR, ICAR, ICMR = New Delhi; BARC, TIFR, DAE = Mumbai.

✅ Answer: B) IISc BengaluruC.V. Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman) was associated with IISc Bengaluru where he worked as a professor and later as Director. He discovered the Raman Effect in 1928 at IISc, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 — the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize in science. The Raman Effect is the inelastic scattering of light by molecules. February 28 is celebrated as National Science Day in India to commemorate this discovery.

✅ Answer: B) Hyderabad, TelanganaICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) is located at Patancheru, near Hyderabad, Telangana. It is an international agricultural research institute that works on improving crops for semi-arid tropical regions. Key crops: sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, groundnut, pigeonpea. ICRISAT has helped develop drought-resistant and high-yielding varieties. It is part of the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) system.

✅ Answer: B) February 28National Science Day is celebrated on February 28 every year to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by C.V. Raman on February 28, 1928. C.V. Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 for this discovery — the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize in science. The Raman Effect is the inelastic scattering of photons by molecules. National Science Day aims to promote scientific awareness and inspire young people to pursue science careers.

✅ Answer: C) 1986The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) was established in 1986 under the Ministry of Science and Technology. It promotes biotechnology research and development in India. Key initiatives: Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), National Bioscience Awards, Biotechnology Parks. DBT funded the development of Covaxin (COVID-19 vaccine) through BIRAC. India’s biotech industry is worth ~$80 billion. DBT also manages the National Institute of Immunology (NII) and other research institutes.

✅ Answer: C) BengaluruNIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences) is located in Bengaluru, Karnataka. It is India’s premier institution for mental health and neurosciences. It is an Institute of National Importance. NIMHANS provides treatment, research, and training in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery. It is the nodal centre for India’s National Mental Health Programme. Mental health is a growing concern in India — NIMHANS plays a crucial role in addressing it.

✅ Answer: A) Planning CommissionNITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) replaced the Planning Commission in January 2015. The Planning Commission was established in 1950 and was responsible for India’s Five Year Plans. NITI Aayog is a policy think tank — it provides strategic and technical advice to the government but does not allocate funds (unlike the Planning Commission). NITI Aayog’s key initiatives: Atal Innovation Mission, India AI Mission, Aspirational Districts Programme. PM is the ex-officio Chairman.

✅ Answer: A) Integrate science education with research at the undergraduate levelIISERs (Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research) were established to integrate science education with research at the undergraduate level. There are 7 IISERs: Pune, Kolkata, Mohali, Bhopal, Thiruvananthapuram, Tirupati, and Berhampur. They offer BS-MS dual degree programmes in basic sciences. IISERs aim to produce world-class scientists. They are Institutes of National Importance. Students can pursue research from the first year of their undergraduate programme.

✅ Answer: B) NITI AayogThe Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) is an initiative of NITI Aayog to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in India. Key programmes: Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) in schools — 10,000+ labs; Atal Incubation Centres (AICs) for startups; Atal New India Challenges (ANIC) for technology solutions. AIM aims to create a culture of innovation from school level. It is named after former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee. India has become the 3rd largest startup ecosystem in the world partly due to such initiatives.

✅ Answer: A) C.V. Raman (Physics, 1930)C.V. Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman) won India’s first Nobel Prize in science — Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 — for the discovery of the Raman Effect (inelastic scattering of light). He was the first Asian to win a Nobel Prize in science. He worked at IISc Bengaluru. February 28 is celebrated as National Science Day. S. Chandrasekhar (Indian-American) won Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 for the Chandrasekhar Limit (maximum mass of a white dwarf star).