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NITI Aayog 11th Governing Council Meeting: Key Facts for UPSC Prelims 2025

Prime Minister Narendra Modi chaired the 11th Governing Council Meeting of NITI Aayog at the Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre, New Delhi. The meeting focused on entrepreneurship, skill enhancement, and creating sustainable employment opportunities across the country — key pillars of India’s economic transformation agenda.

Why in News?

PM Modi chaired the 11th NITI Aayog Governing Council Meeting, bringing together Chief Ministers of all states and UTs in a platform of cooperative federalism. The agenda centred on promoting entrepreneurship, skilling, and sustainable employment — critical areas for India’s demographic dividend.

Key Facts for Prelims: NITI Aayog

Full form: National Institution for Transforming India
Nature: Neither constitutional nor statutory — created by an executive (Union Cabinet) resolution
Established: January 1, 2015
Replaced: The Planning Commission (which had functioned for 65 years since 1950)
Key Shift: From Planning Commission’s rigid top-down approach → NITI Aayog’s bottom-up cooperative model giving states a direct voice
Promotes: Cooperative federalism, competitive federalism among states

Composition of NITI Aayog Governing Council

Chairperson: Prime Minister of India
Vice-Chairperson: Dr. Suman Bery
CEO: B.V.R. Subrahmanyam
Full-time Members: Prof. Ramesh Chand, Dr. V.K. Paul, Shri V.K. Saraswat, Dr. Arvind Virmani
Special Invitees: Cabinet Ministers nominated by PM
Governing Council includes: Chief Ministers of all 28 states, Chief Ministers of UTs with legislatures (Delhi, Puducherry, J&K), and Lieutenant Governors of UTs without legislatures

Static/Exam Links: NITI Aayog vs Planning Commission

Aspect	Planning Commission	NITI Aayog
Established	1950 (executive resolution)	2015 (executive resolution)
Approach	Top-down, centralised	Bottom-up, cooperative
Nature	Non-constitutional, non-statutory	Non-constitutional, non-statutory
Fund Allocation	Had power to allocate funds to states	No fund allocation power
State Role	States were consulted minimally	States are equal partners (Governing Council)
Focus	Five-Year Plans	15-year vision, 7-year strategy, 3-year action plan

Key NITI Aayog Initiatives (Exam-relevant)

Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Promotes innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem
Aspirational Districts Programme: Transforms under-developed districts across India
SATH (Sustainable Action for Transforming Human Capital): Education and health sector reform with states
SDG India Index: Tracks India’s progress on Sustainable Development Goals

Quick Revision Table

Parameter	Detail
Meeting	11th Governing Council Meeting
Chaired by	PM Narendra Modi
Focus Areas	Entrepreneurship, skilling, employment
NITI Aayog Established	January 1, 2015
Nature	Non-constitutional, non-statutory
Replaced	Planning Commission (est. 1950)
Chairperson	Prime Minister of India
Vice-Chairperson	Dr. Suman Bery
CEO	B.V.R. Subrahmanyam
Governing Council	CMs of all states + UTs with legislature + LGs of UTs without legislature

Trap / Confusing Points

❌ Common Trap	✅ Correct Fact
NITI Aayog is a statutory body	NITI Aayog is neither constitutional nor statutory — created by executive (Cabinet) resolution
Planning Commission was a statutory body	Planning Commission was also non-statutory — both created by executive orders
NITI Aayog allocates funds to states like Planning Commission	NITI Aayog has no fund allocation power; funds go via Finance Commission and Union Budget
NITI Aayog was established by Parliament	Established by Union Cabinet resolution, not by Parliament
All LGs attend the Governing Council	Only LGs of UTs without legislature attend; UTs with legislature send their CMs

5 Practice MCQs

1. NITI Aayog was established on which date?
a. August 15, 2014
b. January 1, 2015
c. March 31, 2015
d. November 26, 2014
Ans: B
NITI Aayog was established on January 1, 2015 via a Union Cabinet resolution, replacing the Planning Commission which had existed since 1950.

2. What is the nature of NITI Aayog?
a. Constitutional body
b. Statutory body under an Act of Parliament
c. Non-constitutional, non-statutory executive body
d. Quasi-judicial body
Ans: C
NITI Aayog is created by an executive (Cabinet) resolution, making it neither constitutional nor statutory — same as the Planning Commission it replaced.

3. Who is the ex-officio Chairperson of NITI Aayog?
a. President of India
b. Vice-President of India
c. Prime Minister of India
d. Finance Minister of India
Ans: C
The Prime Minister of India serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of NITI Aayog, reflecting its role as the apex policy-making body for national development.

4. Which key power does NITI Aayog NOT have compared to the Planning Commission?
a. Conducting research on economic policy
b. Providing policy recommendations to states
c. Allocating funds directly to states
d. Monitoring implementation of government schemes
Ans: C
Unlike the Planning Commission, NITI Aayog has no power to allocate funds to states. This was a deliberate design choice to make it an advisory-collaborative body rather than a controlling one.

5. The Governing Council of NITI Aayog includes which of the following?
a. Chief Ministers of states only
b. Chief Ministers of states + LGs of all UTs
c. Chief Ministers of all states + CMs of UTs with legislatures + LGs of UTs without legislatures
d. Only Union Cabinet Ministers
Ans: C
The Governing Council includes CMs of all 28 states, CMs of UTs with legislatures (Delhi, Puducherry, J&K), and Lt. Governors of UTs without legislatures — making it a true federal platform.

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Gummadi Gopalakrishna: Kendra Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2025 | UPSC

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Andhra Pradesh Current Affairs, History and Culture Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Gummadi Gopalakrishna has been officially selected for the prestigious Kendra Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in the Acting (Theatre) category — India’s highest national recognition in the performing arts, announced by the National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama.

Why in News?

The Sangeet Natak Akademi has selected veteran theatre artist Gummadi Gopalakrishna for the Kendra Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in recognition of his outstanding, lifelong contributions to Indian theatre — particularly to Telugu Padya Natakam (musical verse drama).

Who is Gummadi Gopalakrishna?

Celebrated master exponent of Telugu Padya Natakam — a classical form of musical verse drama in Telugu theatre tradition
Acclaimed for his portrayals of mythological and historical characters: Sri Krishna, Sri Rama, Harishchandra, and the legendary poet Srinatha
Currently serves as Chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Nataka Academy
Actively works to revive traditional theatre using digital advancements

Key Facts for Prelims: Sangeet Natak Akademi

Full name: Sangeet Natak Akademi — National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama
Established: 1952 — India’s first national academy of arts, set up by the Government of India
Headquarters: New Delhi
Under: Ministry of Culture, Government of India
Status: Autonomous body (registered as a society)
Purpose: Promote and preserve the performing arts of India — music, dance, drama, and folk/traditional arts

Awards Given by Sangeet Natak Akademi

Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (Akademi Puraskar): Highest national recognition in performing arts; given in music, dance, theatre, folk/tribal arts, puppetry
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna): The highest honour — limited to a maximum of 30 living fellows at any time; for lifelong outstanding contribution
Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar: For young artists below 40 years of age; encourages emerging talent

Static/Exam Links

Three National Akademis under Ministry of Culture:

Sangeet Natak Akademi (1952): Performing arts — Music, Dance, Drama
Sahitya Akademi (1954): Literature — recognises works in 24 languages
Lalit Kala Akademi (1954): Visual arts — Painting, Sculpture, Graphics

Telugu Padya Natakam: A classical form of Telugu theatre using musical verse (padya) to narrate mythological and historical stories. It is part of the rich Andhra theatre tradition and is considered endangered — revival efforts by artists like Gummadi Gopalakrishna are significant from a cultural heritage perspective.

Quick Revision Table

Parameter	Detail
Award	Kendra Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Category	Acting (Theatre)
Awardee	Gummadi Gopalakrishna
Art Form	Telugu Padya Natakam
Current Role	Chairman, AP Nataka Academy
Akademi Established	1952
Akademi Under	Ministry of Culture
Highest Akademi Honour	Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna)
Youth Award	Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar

Trap / Confusing Points

❌ Common Trap	✅ Correct Fact
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award is the highest Akademi honour	The Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna) is the highest; the award is below it
Sangeet Natak Akademi was established in 1954	It was established in 1952 — the first national academy (Sahitya & Lalit Kala came in 1954)
Sangeet Natak Akademi is under Ministry of Education	It is under Ministry of Culture
Telugu Padya Natakam is a dance form	It is a musical verse drama — a theatre tradition, not a dance form
Ustad Bismillah Khan Puraskar is for senior artists	It is specifically for young artists below 40 years of age

5 Practice MCQs

1. Gummadi Gopalakrishna was selected for Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in which category?
a. Music (Vocal)
b. Classical Dance
c. Acting (Theatre)
d. Folk/Tribal Arts
Ans: C
He was recognised in the Acting (Theatre) category for his lifelong contributions to Telugu Padya Natakam.

2. In which year was the Sangeet Natak Akademi established?
a. 1947
b. 1950
c. 1952
d. 1954
Ans: C
Sangeet Natak Akademi was established in 1952 — India’s first national academy of arts, preceding Sahitya Akademi and Lalit Kala Akademi (both 1954).

3. What is the highest honour given by Sangeet Natak Akademi?
a. Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
b. Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna)
c. Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar
d. Padma Bhushan
Ans: B
The Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna) is the highest honour, limited to 30 living fellows at any time. The Akademi Puraskar is given more widely for outstanding contribution.

4. Sangeet Natak Akademi functions under which ministry?
a. Ministry of Education
b. Ministry of Tourism
c. Ministry of Culture
d. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Ans: C
Sangeet Natak Akademi is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.

5. Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar is awarded to:
a. Artists above 60 years for lifetime achievement
b. Young artists below 40 years
c. Classical musicians only
d. International artists performing Indian music
Ans: B
The Yuva Puraskar is given to encourage emerging talent — specifically to young performing artists below 40 years of age.

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Rah-Veer Scheme: Good Samaritan Protection & ₹25,000 Reward | UPSC 2025

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, National Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) has strengthened Good Samaritan protections through the Rah-Veer scheme, offering legal immunity and ₹25,000 cash reward to citizens who help road accident victims during the critical Golden Hour.

Why in News?

MoRTH has reinforced the Rah-Veer (Good Samaritan) scheme to encourage bystanders to assist road accident victims without fear of legal harassment. This scheme addresses a major deterrent — the fear of police questioning and court proceedings — that prevents people from helping accident victims.

Key Facts for Prelims: Rah-Veer Scheme

Launched by: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH)
Purpose: Protect and reward Good Samaritans (Rah-Veers) who help road accident victims
Legal Protection: Rah-Veers are free from civil and criminal liability; cannot be unnecessarily detained
Right to Anonymity: Rescuers cannot be compelled to reveal personal details or testify as witnesses
Cash Reward: ₹25,000 + Certificate of Appreciation for assisting within the Golden Hour
National Award: Up to ₹1,00,000 for the best 10 Rah-Veers annually
Legal Basis: Section 134A, Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019

What is the Golden Hour?

The Golden Hour refers to the first 60 minutes after a traumatic injury. Prompt medical care during this period significantly increases survival chances. Most road accident deaths in India occur due to delays in reaching hospitals — the Rah-Veer scheme directly addresses this gap.

Static/Exam Links: Legal Background

Supreme Court 2016 Guidelines: Directed protection of Good Samaritans from police harassment
Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 – Section 134A: Legally recognises and grants immunity to Good Samaritans
Central Motor Vehicles (Good Samaritan) Rules, 2020: Notified under MV Act 2019 to operationalise the protections

Quick Revision Table

Parameter	Detail
Scheme	Rah-Veer (Good Samaritan Scheme)
Ministry	MoRTH
Cash Reward	₹25,000 per helper
National Award	Up to ₹1,00,000 (top 10 annually)
Key Protection	Civil + Criminal immunity
Anonymity	Cannot be forced to testify
Golden Hour	First 60 minutes after trauma
Legal Basis	MV Act 2019, Section 134A

Trap / Confusing Points

❌ Common Trap	✅ Correct Fact
Rah-Veer is under MoHFW (Health Ministry)	It is under Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH)
Reward is ₹1,00,000 per person	₹1,00,000 is only for top 10 nationally; standard reward is ₹25,000
Good Samaritans must testify in court	Rah-Veers have Right to Anonymity; cannot be forced to testify
Golden Hour = 30 minutes	Golden Hour = first 60 minutes after trauma
MV Act 1988 covers Good Samaritan	Good Samaritan provisions added via MV Amendment Act 2019 (Section 134A)

5 Practice MCQs

1. Rah-Veer scheme is implemented by which ministry?
a. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
b. Ministry of Home Affairs
c. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
d. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
Ans: C
The Rah-Veer scheme is an initiative of MoRTH to encourage Good Samaritans to help road accident victims.

2. What is the standard cash reward for a Rah-Veer who helps within the Golden Hour?
a. ₹10,000
b. ₹25,000
c. ₹50,000
d. ₹1,00,000
Ans: B
₹25,000 and a Certificate of Appreciation are given to Good Samaritans who successfully assist a victim during the Golden Hour.

3. The “Golden Hour” in road accident context refers to:
a. Best time to drive on highways
b. First 60 minutes after a traumatic injury
c. 24-hour window for filing FIR
d. Average ambulance response time in metro cities
Ans: B
The Golden Hour is the first 60 minutes after trauma, during which timely medical care significantly improves survival chances.

4. Which section of the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 protects Good Samaritans?
a. Section 129
b. Section 134A
c. Section 185
d. Section 138
Ans: B
Section 134A of MV Amendment Act 2019 legally protects Good Samaritans from civil and criminal liability when helping accident victims.

5. Under Rah-Veer scheme, maximum national-level award available annually is:
a. ₹25,000 for all
b. ₹50,000 for top 5
c. ₹1,00,000 for top 10
d. ₹2,00,000 for the single best Rah-Veer
Ans: C
A national-level award of up to ₹1,00,000 is given to the best 10 Rah-Veers annually, recognising outstanding service.

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GI Tag Tezpur Litchi: APEDA Exports to Dubai | UPSC Current Affairs 2025

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, National Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority) has facilitated the first export of GI-tagged Tezpur Litchi from Assam to Dubai, marking a major milestone for agricultural exports from India’s North-Eastern Region.

Why in News?

APEDA facilitated India’s first export of GI-tagged Tezpur Litchi from Assam to Dubai, boosting NE India’s export profile and showcasing the value of Geographical Indication (GI) tags for agricultural products.

Key Facts for Prelims: GI Tag

GI tag is an Intellectual Property Right (IPR) identifying products with a specific geographical origin
Governed by: Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
Nodal Ministry: DPIIT (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade) under Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Issuing Authority: GI Registry, headquartered in Chennai
Validity: 10 years, renewable indefinitely for successive 10-year periods
International Framework: WTO’s TRIPS Agreement, Articles 22–24
GI tag is a community right, not an individual ownership right

Key Facts for Prelims: APEDA

Statutory body under Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Established: 1985 under the APEDA Act
Promotes and develops exports of “scheduled products” — fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy, cereals, organic foods
Plays a key role in facilitating exports from North-Eastern India

Static/Exam Links

TRIPS Agreement (WTO): Articles 22–24 protect Geographical Indications internationally. India has been at the forefront of pushing for stronger GI protections, especially for products like Basmati rice and Darjeeling tea.

Notable NE India GI Tags (Exam-relevant): Assam Muga Silk, Assam Orthodox Tea, Joha Rice (Assam), Chakhao/Manipuri Black Rice, Naga Mircha (King Chilli – Nagaland), Khasi Mandarin (Meghalaya)

Quick Revision Table

Parameter	Detail
Act	GI Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999
Nodal Ministry	DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce
Issuing Authority	GI Registry, Chennai
Validity	10 years (renewable)
International Framework	WTO TRIPS (Articles 22–24)
APEDA Established	1985
APEDA Under	Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Tezpur Litchi GI Tag	Assam

Trap / Confusing Points

❌ Common Trap	✅ Correct Fact
GI Registry is in Mumbai	GI Registry is headquartered in Chennai
GI tag is valid for 5 years	Validity is 10 years, renewable
APEDA is under Ministry of Agriculture	APEDA is under Ministry of Commerce and Industry
GI tag = personal/individual ownership	GI tag is a community right; any producer from that region can use it
GI governed by Patent Act	GI has its own Act – GI Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999

5 Practice MCQs

1. Under which ministry does APEDA function?
a. Ministry of Agriculture
b. Ministry of Food Processing
c. Ministry of Commerce and Industry
d. Ministry of External Affairs
Ans: C
APEDA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, established in 1985 under the APEDA Act.

2. The Geographical Indications Registry of India is located in:
a. Mumbai
b. New Delhi
c. Chennai
d. Kolkata
Ans: C
The GI Registry is headquartered in Chennai and is the sole authority for granting GI tags in India.

3. GI tags in India are governed by which act?
a. Patents Act, 1970
b. Trade Marks Act, 1999
c. GI Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
d. APEDA Act, 1985
Ans: C
India enacted the GI Goods Act in 1999 in compliance with WTO’s TRIPS Agreement obligations.

4. At the international level, GIs are protected under which WTO agreement?
a. GATS
b. Agreement on Agriculture
c. TRIPS
d. TBT Agreement
Ans: C
TRIPS Articles 22–24 provide the international legal framework for protection of Geographical Indications.

5. What is the validity period of a GI tag in India?
a. 5 years, non-renewable
b. 10 years, non-renewable
c. 10 years, renewable
d. Lifetime validity
Ans: C
A GI tag in India is valid for 10 years from the date of grant and can be renewed indefinitely for successive 10-year periods.

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IN-SPACe Opens LVM3 to Private Sector

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Science and Technology Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) has officially invited Expressions of Interest (EoI) from the private sector for Technology Transfer (ToT) and end-to-end commercialization of ISRO’s LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-III) — India’s most powerful indigenous rocket.

Why in News?

IN-SPACe has opened the LVM3 rocket to India’s private space sector by inviting EoIs for Technology Transfer and full commercialization. This marks a major step in India’s space privatisation journey under the Indian Space Policy 2023.

Key Facts for Prelims: About IN-SPACe

Established in 2020 by a government order (not a parliamentary act)
An autonomous body under the Department of Space (DoS)
Functions as a single-window agency to facilitate, promote, and regulate space activities by Non-Governmental Entities (NGEs)
Distinct from ISRO — IN-SPACe regulates and promotes; ISRO does R&D

Key Facts for Prelims: About LVM3

Previously known as GSLV Mk-III
India’s heaviest and most powerful indigenous launch vehicle
Type: 3-Stage Launch Vehicle

Stage	Component	Type
Stage 1	S200 (twin strap-on)	Solid Boosters
Stage 2	L110	Core Liquid Stage
Stage 3	C25	Cryogenic Upper Stage

GTO Payload: 4,000 kg (4 tonnes)
LEO Payload: 8,000 kg (8 tonnes)
Key Missions: Chandrayaan-3 (2023), OneWeb/Eutelsat commercial satellite launches

Static/Exam Links: Indian Space Policy 2023

Clearly delineates roles: ISRO (R&D + national security), IN-SPACe (regulator + promoter for private sector), NSIL (commercial arm for ISRO technologies), DoS (policy oversight)
NSIL ≠ IN-SPACe: NSIL commercialises ISRO tech; IN-SPACe promotes and regulates private entities

Quick Revision Table

Parameter	Detail
Body	IN-SPACe
Under	Department of Space (DoS)
LVM3 Former Name	GSLV Mk-III
Stage 1	Solid Boosters (S200)
Stage 2	Core Liquid Stage (L110)
Stage 3	Cryogenic Upper Stage (C25)
GTO Payload	4,000 kg
LEO Payload	8,000 kg

Trap / Confusing Points

❌ Common Trap	✅ Correct Fact
IN-SPACe is a part of ISRO	IN-SPACe is an autonomous body under DoS, separate from ISRO
LVM3 uses only liquid stages	Stage 1 uses solid boosters (S200); liquid is only Stage 2
LVM3 = GSLV Mk-II	LVM3 was formerly GSLV Mk-III, not Mk-II
NSIL promotes private sector	NSIL commercialises ISRO tech; IN-SPACe promotes/regulates private entities

5 Practice MCQs

1. Which body invited EoIs for commercialisation of LVM3?
a. ISRO
b. NSIL
c. IN-SPACe
d. DoS directly
Ans: C
IN-SPACe is the authorised single-window agency to promote private participation in India’s space sector, including ToT for LVM3.

2. LVM3 was formerly known as:
a. GSLV Mk-I
b. PSLV-XL
c. GSLV Mk-II
d. GSLV Mk-III
Ans: D
LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-III) was renamed from GSLV Mk-III to emphasise its distinct vehicle class.

3. Which stage of LVM3 uses cryogenic technology?
a. Stage 1 (S200)
b. Stage 2 (L110)
c. Stage 3 (C25)
d. All three stages
Ans: C
C25 is the cryogenic upper stage using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. India developed this indigenously after technology denial.

4. What is LVM3’s payload capacity to LEO?
a. 4 tonnes
b. 6 tonnes
c. 8 tonnes
d. 10 tonnes
Ans: C
LVM3 can carry up to 8,000 kg (8 tonnes) to Low Earth Orbit and 4,000 kg to GTO.

5. IN-SPACe was established under which provision?
a. Space Activities Bill 2017
b. Indian Space Policy 2023
c. ISRO Act 1969
d. Government executive order in 2020
Ans: D
IN-SPACe was set up in 2020 by a government order, not a parliamentary act. The Indian Space Policy 2023 further defined its role.

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KABIL Secures 5 Critical Mineral Blocks in Argentina | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Indian Economy Current Affairs, National Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

KABIL Secures 5 Critical Mineral Blocks in Argentina

Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL), a joint venture of three CPSEs under the Ministry of Mines, has secured five critical mineral blocks in Argentina’s Catamarca province — in the heart of the Lithium Triangle. This acquisition marks a major step in reducing India’s import dependence, as currently ~93% of critical mineral requirements are met through imports.

Key Facts for Prelims

KABIL secured 5 lithium blocks in Catamarca province, Argentina covering ~15,703 hectares.
The 5 blocks: Cortadera-I, Cortadera-VI, Cortadera-VII, Cortadera-VIII, and Cateo-2022-01810132.
Agreement signed (January 2024) with CAMYEN SE — state-owned enterprise of Catamarca province.
Environmental clearance for deep exploration received in April 2026.
India imports ~93% of its critical mineral requirements.
Key target minerals: Lithium and Cobalt — essential for EVs and clean energy batteries.

JV Partner Structure

Company	Full Form	Equity Share
NALCO	National Aluminium Company Ltd.	40%
HCL	Hindustan Copper Ltd.	30%
MECL	Mineral Exploration and Consultancy Ltd.	30%

Lithium Triangle — Static Linkage for Prelims

The Lithium Triangle holds roughly 54% of the world’s proven lithium reserves.
Three countries: Chile, Argentina, Bolivia.
India’s Critical Minerals List: 30 minerals declared critical (Ministry of Mines, 2023).
India’s National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM): Launched for domestic and overseas mineral security.
KABIL also explores in Australia and Chile.

Quick Revision Table

Topic	Key Fact
KABIL full form	Khanij Bidesh India Limited
Nodal Ministry	Ministry of Mines
Partner companies	NALCO (40%), HCL (30%), MECL (30%)
Blocks acquired	5 lithium blocks, Catamarca province, Argentina
Area covered	~15,703 hectares
Argentina partner	CAMYEN SE (state-owned, Catamarca province)
India’s import dependence	~93% of critical minerals imported
Lithium Triangle countries	Chile, Argentina, Bolivia
Lithium Triangle share	~54% of world’s proven lithium reserves
Key target minerals	Lithium, Cobalt

Trap / Confusing Points

Common Misconception	Correct Fact
KABIL is under Ministry of External Affairs	It is under the Ministry of Mines
NALCO has 50% stake	NALCO holds 40%; HCL and MECL hold 30% each
Lithium Triangle includes Brazil	Only Chile, Argentina, Bolivia — not Brazil
Minerals acquired are for export	Goal is to secure India’s domestic supply chain
HCL here is the IT company	HCL = Hindustan Copper Ltd. (CPSE), not HCL Technologies
India has no critical mineral reserves	India has limited domestic reserves; 30 minerals declared critical in 2023

Practice MCQs

1. KABIL is a joint venture under which Ministry?

a. Ministry of External Affairs
b. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
c. Ministry of Mines
d. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

Ans: C

Khanij Bidesh India Limited is established under the Ministry of Mines to acquire critical minerals overseas for India’s supply chain security.

2. What is the correct equity distribution in KABIL?

a. NALCO 50%, HCL 25%, MECL 25%
b. NALCO 40%, HCL 30%, MECL 30%
c. NALCO 33%, HCL 33%, MECL 34%
d. NALCO 40%, HCL 40%, MECL 20%

Ans: B

Equity: NALCO 40%, Hindustan Copper Ltd. 30%, Mineral Exploration and Consultancy Ltd. 30%.

3. The “Lithium Triangle” comprises which three countries?

a. Brazil, Argentina, Peru
b. Chile, Argentina, Bolivia
c. Colombia, Chile, Brazil
d. Venezuela, Bolivia, Chile

Ans: B

The Lithium Triangle — Chile, Argentina, Bolivia — holds ~54% of proven lithium reserves. KABIL’s blocks are in Argentina’s Catamarca province.

4. What percentage of India’s critical minerals are imported?

a. 60%
b. 75%
c. 85%
d. 93%

Ans: D

India imports ~93% of critical minerals, making overseas acquisitions by KABIL strategically vital.

5. CAMYEN SE, KABIL’s partner in Argentina, belongs to which province?

a. Buenos Aires
b. Mendoza
c. Catamarca
d. Jujuy

Ans: C

CAMYEN SE (Catamarca Minera y Energética SE) is the state-owned enterprise of Catamarca province. The exploration agreement was signed in January 2024.

As India accelerates its clean energy transition, KABIL’s lithium acquisitions in Argentina reduce import dependence and support domestic battery manufacturing goals.

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Telangana Tourism Master Plan: 8 Key Zones & 27 STAs | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Telangana Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Telangana Tourism Master Plan: 8 Key Zones Announced

Telangana Tourism Minister directed officials to prepare comprehensive master plans for eight key Telangana tourism regions as part of Phase 1 of the state’s broader plan to develop 27 Special Tourism Areas (STAs). This Telangana tourism initiative aims to transform the state into a global tourist destination through heritage, eco-tourism, adventure, and spiritual circuits.

Key Facts for Prelims

Total Special Tourism Areas (STAs) identified: 27
Phase 1 areas: 8 regions (master plans being prepared first)
Ramappa Temple (Warangal): UNESCO World Heritage Site — inscribed in 2021
Pochampally: Famous for Pochampally Ikat sarees — GI-tagged traditional weaving
Nagarjunasagar: One of the world’s largest masonry dams on the Krishna River
Yadadri: Dedicated to Lord Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy — major spiritual tourism site
Bhadrachalam: Located on the Godavari River; famous for Sita Ramachandra Swamy Temple
Adilabad: Tribal belt — part of tiger reserve landscape in northern Telangana

Phase 1 Telangana Tourism Zones — Complete List

#	Zone	Tourism Focus
1	Vikarabad	Eco-tourism and adventure activities
2	Somasila-Alampur	River cruises, water sports & eco-tourism along the Krishna River
3	Warangal-Ramappa	UNESCO World Heritage Site (Ramappa Temple), temples, waterfalls
4	Nagarjunasagar	Spiritual and nature-based tourism
5	Yadadri-Pochampally	Spiritual tourism + traditional handloom (Ikat) promotion
6	Adilabad Tribal Cluster	Immersive tribal culture, tiger landscapes, waterfalls
7	Bhadrachalam	River and religious tourism (Godavari)
8	Kaleshwaram	Eco-tourism and spiritual circuits

Static Linkage — Heritage & GI Tags for Prelims

Ramappa Temple (Rudreswara Temple): Built by Kakatiya dynasty; UNESCO WHS (2021). Located in Mulugu district, Telangana.
Pochampally Ikat: Distinctive resist-dyeing technique before weaving; holds GI tag. Also called “Bhoodan Pochampally” or “Silk City of India.”
Nagarjunasagar Dam: Constructed on Krishna River (1955–1967); used for irrigation and hydro power. Shared between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
Kaleshwaram: Apart from the famous lift irrigation project, it hosts a prominent Shiva-Parvati temple at the confluence of Pranahita and Godavari rivers.

Quick Revision Table

Zone	Key Highlight
Vikarabad	Eco-tourism, adventure
Somasila-Alampur	Water sports, river cruises (Krishna River)
Warangal-Ramappa	UNESCO WHS (Ramappa/Rudreswara Temple, 2021)
Nagarjunasagar	World’s largest masonry dam; Krishna River
Yadadri-Pochampally	Spiritual (Lakshmi Narasimha) + Pochampally Ikat (GI tagged)
Adilabad Tribal Cluster	Tribal culture, tiger reserves, waterfalls
Bhadrachalam	Religious tourism; Sita Ramachandra Temple on Godavari
Kaleshwaram	Eco-tourism + Shiva-Parvati temple (Godavari confluence)
Total STAs in Telangana	27 (8 in Phase 1)

Trap / Confusing Points

Common Misconception	Correct Fact
All 27 STAs are being developed simultaneously	Only 8 are taken up in Phase 1; total plan covers 27 STAs
Ramappa is a river or dam	Ramappa (Rudreswara Temple) is a UNESCO WHS in Mulugu district, Telangana
Nagarjunasagar is entirely in Telangana	The dam and reservoir are shared between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
Pochampally is known only for silk	Pochampally Ikat weaving (GI tagged) applies to cotton and silk both
Kaleshwaram refers only to the irrigation project	Kaleshwaram also has a Shiva-Parvati temple at the Pranahita-Godavari confluence
Ramappa Temple inscribed as UNESCO WHS in 2019	Ramappa Temple was inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021

Practice MCQs

1. Ramappa Temple, part of the Telangana tourism master plan, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in which year?

a. 2019
b. 2020
c. 2021
d. 2022

Ans: C

Ramappa Temple (Rudreswara Temple) in Mulugu district, built during the Kakatiya dynasty, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021.

2. The Somasila-Alampur Telangana tourism zone focuses on water sports along which river?

a. Godavari
b. Tungabhadra
c. Krishna
d. Bhima

Ans: C

Somasila-Alampur zone targets river cruises and water sports along the Krishna River.

3. Pochampally, under the Yadadri-Pochampally zone, is famous for which GI-tagged craft?

a. Dhokra metal craft
b. Kalamkari textile
c. Pochampally Ikat weaving
d. Bidri work

Ans: C

Pochampally is renowned for Pochampally Ikat — a distinctive resist-dyeing-before-weaving technique that carries a GI tag.

4. How many Special Tourism Areas has Telangana identified in total?

a. 8
b. 15
c. 21
d. 27

Ans: D

Telangana has identified 27 Special Tourism Areas (STAs) in total under its Tourism Policy 2025–2030. Eight zones are in Phase 1.

5. Which describes the Adilabad Tribal Cluster tourism zone?

a. River tourism and heritage temples
b. Tribal culture, tiger landscapes, and waterfalls
c. Handloom and spiritual tourism
d. Adventure water sports and river cruises

Ans: B

The Adilabad Tribal Cluster offers immersive tribal culture, tiger reserve landscapes, and scenic waterfalls in northern Telangana.

Telangana tourism development under the 27 STA framework is a key state affairs topic for TGPSC and UPSC aspirants. The Telangana tourism policy 2025–2030 focuses on heritage, eco-tourism, and tribal culture zones to position the state as a global destination.

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SIPRI Report 2026: India 5th Largest Military Spender | UPSC

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

SIPRI Report 2026: India 5th Largest Military Spender

The SIPRI Report 2026 (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Yearbook), released on June 8, 2026, has ranked India as the 5th largest military spender globally with an expenditure of USD 92.1 billion in 2025 — an 8.9% increase over the previous year. The SIPRI Report 2026 also reveals India holds approximately 190 nuclear warheads as of January 2026, surpassing Pakistan’s ~170.

Key Facts for Prelims

SIPRI = Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (HQ: Stockholm, Sweden)
India’s military spending (2025): USD 92.1 billion → Rank: 5th globally
India’s nuclear warheads (Jan 2026): ~190
Pakistan’s nuclear warheads (Jan 2026): ~170
India’s nuclear modernisation increasingly focuses on long-range missiles capable of reaching China
Total global nuclear weapons (Jan 2026): ~12,187
Of these, 9,745 are in military stockpiles (potentially operationally available)
9 nuclear-armed states: USA, Russia, UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel
Germany entered the Top 4 military spenders — a significant shift in European defence spending

Global Military Spending — Top 5 (2025)

Rank	Country	Expenditure (2025)	Note
1st	USA	USD 954 billion	33% of global total; 7.5% lower than 2024
2nd	China	USD 336 billion	—
3rd	Russia	USD 190 billion	—
4th	Germany	~USD 88+ billion	Newly entered top 5
5th	India	USD 92.1 billion	8.9% increase over 2024

India’s Nuclear Doctrine — Static Linkage

No First Use (NFU): India will not be the first to use nuclear weapons.
Credible Minimum Deterrence: Maintain only the minimum arsenal needed for deterrence.
Massive Retaliation: If attacked with nuclear weapons, India will respond with overwhelming force.
India is NOT a signatory to the NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty).
India’s nuclear triad: Land (Agni series) + Sea (INS Arihant — SSBN) + Air (aircraft-delivered).
India is a member of MTCR, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group; NOT yet a full NSG member.

Quick Revision Table

Topic	Key Fact
India’s military spending rank	5th globally (USD 92.1 billion, 2025)
India’s nuclear warheads	~190 (January 2026)
Pakistan’s nuclear warheads	~170 (January 2026)
Largest military spender	USA (USD 954 billion — 33% of global total)
2nd largest military spender	China (USD 336 billion)
4th largest military spender	Germany (newly entered top 5)
Total global nuclear weapons	~12,187 (of which 9,745 in military stockpiles)
Number of nuclear-armed states	9 states
India’s nuclear doctrine	No First Use + Credible Minimum Deterrence
SIPRI headquarters	Stockholm, Sweden

Trap / Confusing Points

Common Misconception	Correct Fact
India is the 4th largest military spender	Germany is 4th; India is 5th as per SIPRI Report 2026
All 12,187 nuclear weapons are operational	Only 9,745 are in military stockpiles; not all deployed
India follows a First-Use nuclear policy	India follows “No First Use” (NFU) policy
SIPRI is a UN body	SIPRI is an independent institute, not affiliated with the UN
India is a member of the NSG	India’s NSG bid is ongoing since 2016; NOT yet a member
Iran is a nuclear-armed state per SIPRI	SIPRI lists 9 nuclear states; Iran is NOT among them

Practice MCQs

1. According to SIPRI Report 2026, which country was the largest military spender in 2025?

a. China
b. Russia
c. USA
d. India

Ans: C

The USA remained the largest military spender with USD 954 billion in 2025, accounting for 33% of total global military expenditure.

2. As per SIPRI Report 2026, India’s nuclear warhead count as of January 2026 was approximately:

a. 170
b. 180
c. 190
d. 200

Ans: C

India holds ~190 nuclear warheads as of January 2026, compared to Pakistan’s estimated 170.

3. Which of the following is NOT one of the nine nuclear-armed states identified by SIPRI?

a. North Korea
b. Israel
c. Iran
d. Pakistan

Ans: C

SIPRI identifies nine nuclear states: USA, Russia, UK, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. Iran is NOT in this list.

4. What does SIPRI stand for?

a. Stockholm Institute for Peace Research and Intelligence
b. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
c. Strategic International Policy Research Initiative
d. Security and International Peace Research Institution

Ans: B

SIPRI = Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden.

5. Which correctly describes India’s nuclear doctrine?

a. First Use + Massive Retaliation
b. No First Use + Credible Minimum Deterrence
c. Launch on Warning + Maximum Deterrence
d. Flexible Response + No First Use

Ans: B

India’s doctrine: “No First Use” (NFU) + “Credible Minimum Deterrence.” India will not initiate a nuclear strike but assures massive retaliation if attacked.

The SIPRI Report 2026 highlights the shifting global security landscape, with India’s rising defence expenditure reflecting its strategic priorities. For UPSC aspirants, the SIPRI Report 2026 is a recurring source of questions on military spending, nuclear arsenals, and international security.

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SIPRI Report 2026: India 5th Largest Military Spender | UPSC Read More »

Kirti Chakra Awarded to Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair: Gaganyaan | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, National Current Affairs, Science and Technology Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Kirti Chakra Awarded to Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair

Air Commodore Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair has been awarded the prestigious Kirti Chakra by President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Kirti Chakra — India’s second-highest peacetime gallantry award — was conferred for his extraordinary contribution as backup astronaut on the Axiom-4 (Ax-4) mission, India’s maiden journey to the International Space Station (ISS).

Key Facts for Prelims

Kirti Chakra is India’s second-highest peacetime gallantry award.
Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair served as the backup astronaut on Axiom-4; Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla was the primary astronaut.
Shukla became the first Indian to visit the ISS and the second Indian in space overall (after Rakesh Sharma, 1984).
Gallantry awards are announced on Republic Day (26 Jan) and Independence Day (15 Aug), presented by the President of India.
Peacetime gallantry awards are for conspicuous bravery away from the battlefield (not in direct face of the enemy).

Gaganyaan Mission — Static Linkage for Prelims

India’s Gaganyaan is the country’s first human spaceflight programme, managed by ISRO. It aims to send Indian astronauts to a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at 400 km and return them safely.

Four Gaganyaan Astronaut-Designates:

Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair
Group Captain Ajit Krishnan
Group Captain Angad Pratap
Wing Commander Shubhanshu Shukla

India’s Peacetime Gallantry Awards — Complete Hierarchy

These awards follow a three-tier structure, each having a wartime counterpart:

Award	Rank	Wartime Counterpart
Ashoka Chakra	1st (Highest)	Param Vir Chakra
Kirti Chakra	2nd	Maha Vir Chakra
Shaurya Chakra	3rd	Vir Chakra

Quick Revision Table

Topic	Key Fact
Award received by Prasanth Nair	Kirti Chakra
Mission he was associated with	Axiom-4 (Ax-4) — backup astronaut
Primary Indian astronaut on Axiom-4	Shubhanshu Shukla
First Indian to visit ISS	Shubhanshu Shukla
Second Indian in space overall	Shubhanshu Shukla (first was Rakesh Sharma, 1984)
Gaganyaan orbit target	LEO at 400 km
Number of Gaganyaan astronaut-designates	4
Ashoka Chakra — rank	Highest peacetime gallantry award
Gallantry award announcement occasions	Republic Day & Independence Day

Trap / Confusing Points

Common Misconception	Correct Fact
Ashoka Chakra and Param Vir Chakra are similar in rank	Ashoka Chakra = highest PEACETIME; Param Vir Chakra = highest WARTIME
Shubhanshu Shukla was the backup on Axiom-4	He was the PRIMARY astronaut; Prasanth Nair was the backup
Gaganyaan has been launched with crew	Gaganyaan crewed mission planned for 2027; Ax-4 was a separate commercial mission
Kirti Chakra is only for military	It can be awarded to civilians too, for non-battlefield bravery
Rakesh Sharma visited the ISS	Rakesh Sharma flew to Salyut-7 (1984), NOT the ISS

Practice MCQs

1. Which of the following is the highest peacetime gallantry award in India?

a. Kirti Chakra
b. Param Vir Chakra
c. Ashoka Chakra
d. Shaurya Chakra

Ans: C

The Ashoka Chakra is India’s highest peacetime gallantry award. Param Vir Chakra is its wartime counterpart.

2. Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair was awarded the Kirti Chakra for his role in which mission?

a. Gaganyaan Test Flight
b. Chandrayaan-3
c. Axiom-4 (Ax-4) Mission
d. PSLV-C60

Ans: C

He served as the backup astronaut on Axiom-4 which carried Shubhanshu Shukla to the ISS.

3. Which Indian astronaut became the first to visit the International Space Station (ISS)?

a. Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair
b. Ajit Krishnan
c. Rakesh Sharma
d. Shubhanshu Shukla

Ans: D

Shubhanshu Shukla was Mission Pilot on Axiom-4, making him the first Indian to visit the ISS. Rakesh Sharma (1984) went to the Soviet Salyut-7 station, not the ISS.

4. India’s Gaganyaan mission targets which altitude in Low Earth Orbit?

a. 200 km
b. 400 km
c. 600 km
d. 36,000 km

Ans: B

Gaganyaan targets LEO at approximately 400 km altitude — the same orbital range as the ISS.

5. Gallantry awards in India are announced on which occasions?

a. Republic Day and Armed Forces Flag Day
b. Independence Day and National Technology Day
c. Republic Day and Independence Day
d. Gandhi Jayanti and Republic Day

Ans: C

Gallantry awards are announced on Republic Day (26 January) and Independence Day (15 August) and presented by the President of India.

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New IIP Series 2022-23: Key Changes in Index of Industrial Production – UPSC Prelims

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Indian Economy Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has revised the base year of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) from 2011–12 to 2022–23, marking the 10th revision in the index’s history. The new series also adds a brand-new sector and updates weights to better reflect India’s current industrial structure.

What is the Index of Industrial Production (IIP)?

IIP is a composite index that measures the change in volume of production in Indian industries over a reference period. It compares monthly production values against the same month in the base year to track industrial health.

Released by: National Statistical Office (NSO) under MoSPI
Frequency: Monthly (with a 6-week lag)
Old three core sectors: Mining, Manufacturing, Electricity

Key Changes in the New IIP Series (Base Year 2022–23)

1. Revised Base Year

New base year: 2022–23 (revised from 2011–12)
This is the 10th revision of the IIP base year

2. Expanded Sectoral Coverage — New Sector Added

Old series: 3 sectors — Mining, Manufacturing, Electricity
New series: 4 sectors — Mining, Manufacturing, Electricity + Gas Supply and Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management (entirely new sector added)

3. Updated Weights

Weights updated based on Gross Value Added (GVA) from National Accounts Statistics (base 2022–23) at sectoral level
Also based on Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) at NIC-2/3/4-digit for 2022–23

Historical Base Year Revisions of IIP

The IIP has been revised 10 times since its first preparation with base year 1937:

1937 → 1946 → 1951 → 1956 → 1960 → 1970 → 1980–81 → 1993–94 → 2004–05 → 2011–12 → 2022–23

Interconnected Static Concepts for Prelims

NSO and MoSPI

National Statistical Office (NSO): Formed in 2019 by merger of Central Statistical Office (CSO) and National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
MoSPI: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation — apex body for official statistics in India

Key Economic Indices released by NSO/MoSPI

IIP — industrial production volume
GDP/GVA — national accounts
CPI — Consumer Price Index
Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) — census of registered factories

GVA vs. GDP

GDP = GVA + Net Taxes on products
GVA measures value created by industries; GDP includes net taxes

National Industrial Classification (NIC)

Used to classify industrial/economic activities in India
Latest: NIC 2008 — aligned with ISIC Rev. 4 (International Standard Industrial Classification)

Quick Revision Table

Parameter	Key Fact
Index	Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
Released by	NSO under MoSPI
Old Base Year	2011–12
New Base Year	2022–23
Revision Number	10th revision
First IIP Base Year	1937
Old Sectors Covered	Mining, Manufacturing, Electricity (3 sectors)
New Sector Added	Gas Supply and Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management
Total Sectors (New Series)	4 sectors
Weight Basis	GVA from National Accounts + ASI data (2022–23)
NSO Formed	2019 (merger of CSO and NSSO)

Trap / Confusing Points

Common Confusion	Correct Fact
IIP is released by RBI	❌ Released by NSO under MoSPI (not RBI)
IIP base year revision is the 9th	❌ The 2022–23 revision is the 10th revision
First IIP was in 1946	❌ First IIP was prepared with base year 1937
IIP now covers only 3 sectors	❌ New series covers 4 sectors (Gas Supply & Water Supply added)
GVA = GDP	❌ GDP = GVA + Net Taxes on products; GVA excludes net taxes
NSO is the old CSO	❌ NSO = Merger of CSO + NSSO (formed 2019)

Practice MCQs

1. The new base year of IIP revised by MoSPI is:
a. 2011–12
b. 2017–18
c. 2020–21
d. 2022–23

Ans: D
MoSPI revised the IIP base year from 2011–12 to 2022–23. This is the 10th revision in IIP’s history since its first base year of 1937.

2. Which new sector has been incorporated into IIP under the new 2022–23 base year series?
a. Agriculture and Allied Activities
b. Construction
c. Gas Supply and Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management
d. Financial Services

Ans: C
The new IIP adds “Gas Supply and Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management” as a 4th sector, alongside existing Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity sectors.

3. IIP is released by which organisation?
a. Reserve Bank of India
b. NITI Aayog
c. National Statistical Office (NSO) under MoSPI
d. Ministry of Finance

Ans: C
IIP is released by NSO under MoSPI on a monthly basis, not by RBI or Finance Ministry.

4. How many times has the base year of IIP been revised, including the 2022-23 revision?
a. 8
b. 9
c. 10
d. 11

Ans: C
The 2022–23 revision is the 10th revision. Base years revised: 1937 → 1946 → 1951 → 1956 → 1960 → 1970 → 1980–81 → 1993–94 → 2004–05 → 2011–12 → 2022–23.

5. NSO was formed in 2019 by merging which two organisations?
a. NSSO and NCA
b. Central Statistical Office (CSO) and National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)
c. MoSPI and Finance Ministry Statistics Division
d. Planning Commission and CSO

Ans: B
NSO was formed in May 2019 by merging CSO (Central Statistical Office) and NSSO (National Sample Survey Office) under MoSPI.

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