๐Ÿ“ฐ Today's Current Affairs — Read Now →
📷 Follow on Instagram

PSC Chronicles Team

PM-KISAN 23rd Instalment: โ‚น18,880 Crore Released to 9.44 Crore Farmers | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Indian Economy Current Affairs, National Current Affairs /

Why in News?

The Prime Minister released over โ‚น18,880 crore as the 23rd instalment of PM-KISAN, benefiting over 9.44 crore farmers. Notably, 2.18 crore are women farmers.

Key Facts for Prelims: PM-KISAN

  • Full Name: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
  • Scheme Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
  • Launch Date: February 24, 2019
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
  • Annual Benefit: โ‚น6,000 per eligible farmer family per year in 3 instalments of โ‚น2,000 via DBT into Aadhaar-seeded accounts
  • Expanded (May 2019): Covers all landholding farmer families regardless of land size
  • Cumulative Disbursement: Over โ‚น4.46 lakh crore across 23 instalments

Quick Revision Table

ParameterDetail
Scheme TypeCentrally Sponsored Scheme
LaunchFeb 24, 2019
MinistryAgriculture and Farmers Welfare
Annual Assistanceโ‚น6,000 (3 ร— โ‚น2,000)
Delivery ModeDBT to Aadhaar-seeded accounts
Current Beneficiaries9.44 crore (23rd instalment)
Total Disbursedโ‚น4.46 lakh crore

Trap / Confusing Points

ConfusionCorrect Fact
PM-KISAN only for SMFsSince May 2019, covers all landholding farmer families
โ‚น6,000 given in one shotPaid in three instalments of โ‚น2,000 each
Central Sector SchemePM-KISAN is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme

Practice MCQs

1. PM-KISAN was launched on which date?

a. January 26, 2019
b. February 24, 2019
c. March 1, 2019
d. April 1, 2019

Ans: B
PM-KISAN was launched on February 24, 2019.

2. Annual financial assistance per farmer family under PM-KISAN?

a. โ‚น3,000
b. โ‚น5,000
c. โ‚น6,000
d. โ‚น10,000

Ans: C
โ‚น6,000 per year in three equal instalments of โ‚น2,000 each.

3. PM-KISAN disbursements are made through which mechanism?

a. Post office money orders
b. Bank cheques
c. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
d. State government transfers

Ans: C
Funds transferred via DBT into Aadhaar-seeded bank accounts.

4. Initial land-holding criterion for PM-KISAN?

a. Up to 1 hectare
b. Up to 2 hectares
c. Up to 5 hectares
d. No land limit

Ans: B
Initially targeted SMFs with up to 2 hectares; expanded to all in May 2019.

5. Nodal ministry for PM-KISAN?

a. Ministry of Rural Development
b. Ministry of Finance
c. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
d. Ministry of Labour

Ans: C
PM-KISAN is administered by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about PM-KISAN, Click here.

PM-KISAN 23rd Instalment: โ‚น18,880 Crore Released to 9.44 Crore Farmers | UPSC Notes Read More ยป

INS Dunagiri, INS Sanshodhak, INS Agray Commissioned by PM | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs, National Current Affairs /

Why in News?

The Prime Minister commissioned three indigenously designed and built naval ships at Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata โ€” INS Dunagiri (stealth frigate), INS Sanshodhak (survey vessel), and INS Agray (anti-submarine warfare craft). All three were designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau and constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.

Key Facts for Prelims

INS Dunagiri

  • Type: Stealth Guided-Missile Frigate
  • Project: Project 17A (Nilgiri-class); Fifth ship under Project 17A

INS Sanshodhak

  • Type: Hydrographic Survey Vessel (Large) โ€” SVL; Sandhayak-class; Fourth and final; Pennant J24
  • Name Meaning: “Researcher”

INS Agray

  • Type: Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC)

Quick Revision Table

ShipTypeClass/Project
INS DunagiriStealth Guided-Missile FrigateProject 17A (Nilgiri-class), 5th ship
INS SanshodhakHydrographic Survey Vessel (Large)Sandhayak-class SVL, 4th & final
INS AgrayAnti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water CraftASW SWC

Trap / Confusing Points

ConfusionCorrect Fact
INS Dunagiri is the first Project 17A shipIt is the fifth ship under Project 17A
INS Sanshodhak is a combat vesselIt is a survey/oceanographic vessel
These ships are importedAll three indigenously designed by Warship Design Bureau and built by GRSE
GRSE is under Ministry of ShippingGRSE is a DPSU under Ministry of Defence
Commissioned at MumbaiCommissioned at Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata

Practice MCQs

1. INS Dunagiri belongs to which project?

a. Project 15B
b. Project 17A
c. Project 75
d. Project 28

Ans: B
INS Dunagiri is the fifth ship under Project 17A (Nilgiri-class) stealth frigates.

2. INS Sanshodhak is the fourth and final vessel of which class?

a. Shivalik-class
b. Nilgiri-class
c. Sandhayak-class
d. Vikrant-class

Ans: C
INS Sanshodhak (J24) is the fourth and final Sandhayak-class SVL.

3. All three naval ships were built by which company?

a. Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders
b. Hindustan Shipyard
c. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers
d. Cochin Shipyard

Ans: C
GRSE, Kolkata built all three vessels.

4. INS Agray is primarily designed for which role?

a. Aircraft carrier operations
b. Deep-sea survey
c. Anti-Submarine Warfare in shallow waters
d. Amphibious landing

Ans: C
INS Agray is an ASW Shallow Water Craft for anti-submarine warfare.

5. Where were the three ships commissioned?

a. Visakhapatnam Port
b. Mumbai Port
c. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata
d. Jawaharlal Nehru Port

Ans: C
Commissioned at Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about Indian Navy’s warship projects, Click here.

INS Dunagiri, INS Sanshodhak, INS Agray Commissioned by PM | UPSC Notes Read More ยป

Vivek Aggarwal Appointed FATF Vice President: India’s First | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, International Current Affairs /

Why in News?

India has been accorded the Vice Presidency of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) for the first time. Vivek Aggarwal, India’s nominee, has been appointed as the FATF Vice President โ€” a landmark in India’s growing role in global financial governance.

Key Facts for Prelims: FATF

  • Established: 1989 at the G7 Summit in Paris
  • Nature: Independent, inter-governmental policy-making body (not a UN agency, not an enforcement body)
  • Secretariat: Housed at OECD Headquarters, Paris
  • Membership: 40 members โ€” 38 jurisdictions + 2 regional organizations (European Commission + Gulf Cooperation Council)
  • Decision-making: Via FATF Plenary, meets thrice a year (February, June, October) โ€” decisions by consensus

Mandate Evolution (Critical for Prelims)

  • 1989: Anti-Money Laundering (AML) only
  • 2001: Expanded to Counter Financing of Terrorism (CFT)
  • 2012: Expanded to Counter Proliferation Financing (CPF) โ€” related to WMDs

Quick Revision Table: FATF Grey List vs Black List

AspectGrey ListBlack List
FATF TermJurisdictions under Increased MonitoringHigh-Risk Jurisdictions Subject to Call for Action
MeaningStrategic AML/CFT deficiencies but working with FATFSerious deficiencies, significant risk to global finance
FATF ApproachMonitoring and assistanceStrong countermeasures encouraged
Economic ImpactHigher transaction costs, reduced investor confidenceSevere restrictions on international trade and finance
Finance AccessAvailable with enhanced due diligenceHighly restricted; banks may avoid altogether

Trap / Confusing Points

ConfusionCorrect Fact
FATF is a UN bodyFATF is independent, not a UN agency (Secretariat is at OECD, Paris)
FATF Plenary meets monthlyMeets thrice a year โ€” Feb, Jun, Oct
Grey List = punishment like Black ListGrey list = country is cooperating; Black list = non-cooperative with severe risks
FATF mandate since inception includes terrorismTerrorism financing added only in 2001
FATF Membership = 40 countries40 members = 38 jurisdictions + 2 regional orgs

Practice MCQs

1. FATF was established during which summit?

a. G20 Summit
b. G7 Summit
c. ASEAN Summit
d. NAM Summit

Ans: B
FATF was established in 1989 during the G7 Summit in Paris.

2. FATF Plenary meets how many times per year?

a. Once
b. Twice
c. Thrice
d. Four times

Ans: C
FATF Plenary meets thrice a year โ€” February, June, and October.

3. When did FATF expand its mandate to include Counter Proliferation Financing?

a. 1989
b. 2001
c. 2008
d. 2012

Ans: D
FATF expanded to CPF (WMD proliferation financing) in 2012.

4. Where is the FATF Secretariat located?

a. UN Headquarters, New York
b. IMF Headquarters, Washington D.C.
c. OECD Headquarters, Paris
d. World Bank, Washington D.C.

Ans: C
FATF Secretariat is housed at the OECD Headquarters in Paris.

5. Which two regional organizations are FATF members?

a. ASEAN and African Union
b. European Commission and Gulf Cooperation Council
c. SAARC and European Union
d. BRICS and SCO

Ans: B
FATF’s 40 members include 38 jurisdictions + European Commission and Gulf Cooperation Council.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about FATF, Click here.

Vivek Aggarwal Appointed FATF Vice President: India’s First | UPSC Notes Read More ยป

PM-VBRY: India’s Employment-Linked Incentive Scheme Disburses โ‚น2,400 Crore | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Indian Economy Current Affairs, National Current Affairs /

Why in News?

Prime Minister disbursed incentives amounting to approximately โ‚น2,400 crore under the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY), an Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) scheme. This disbursement aims to accelerate formal job creation and workforce integration into social security systems.

Key Facts for Prelims: PM-VBRY

  • Full Form: Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana
  • Type: Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Labour and Employment
  • Operational Period: August 1, 2025 โ€“ July 31, 2027
  • Target: Generate over 3.5 crore new formal jobs
  • Core Objective: Promote workforce formalization (bringing workers into the EPFO ecosystem)
  • The scheme operates via two components targeting first-time EPFO enrollees and their employers

Static Exam Link: Employment Formalization in India

The scheme is implemented through the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO). A key challenge for India is the large informal workforce (~90% of total employment). ELI schemes bridge this by making formal hiring financially attractive for employers.

  • EPFO functions under the Ministry of Labour and Employment
  • Governed by the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
  • Disbursements are made via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)

Quick Revision Table: PM-VBRY at a Glance

ParameterDetail
Scheme TypeEmployment-Linked Incentive (ELI)
MinistryLabour and Employment
DurationAug 2025 โ€“ Jul 2027
Job Target3.5 crore new formal jobs
Disbursed Amountโ‚น2,400 crore
Delivery MechanismDBT via EPFO

Trap / Confusing Points

ConfusionCorrect Fact
PM-VBRY vs PMEGPPM-VBRY is an ELI scheme for formal employment; PMEGP is for self-employment/micro-enterprises
Ministry of Finance vs LabourPM-VBRY is under Labour and Employment, not Finance
All employees eligible?Primarily targets first-time formal employees entering EPFO ecosystem
Scheme durationTwo years: Aug 2025โ€“Jul 2027 (not a permanent scheme)

Practice MCQs

1. PM-VBRY is administered by which Ministry?

a. Ministry of Finance
b. Ministry of Labour and Employment
c. Ministry of Skill Development
d. Ministry of Commerce

Ans: B
PM-VBRY is an Employment-Linked Incentive (ELI) scheme under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.

2. What is the primary objective of PM-VBRY?

a. Support MSME exports
b. Generate 3.5 crore new formal jobs and promote formalization
c. Provide housing for industrial workers
d. Subsidize skill training institutes

Ans: B
PM-VBRY targets 3.5 crore new formal jobs via Employment-Linked Incentives through EPFO.

3. PM-VBRY is operationally linked to which body for disbursement?

a. SEBI
b. NaBFID
c. EPFO
d. SIDBI

Ans: C
Disbursements are routed through EPFO under the DBT mechanism.

4. What is the operational period of PM-VBRY?

a. April 2025 โ€“ March 2027
b. August 2025 โ€“ July 2027
c. January 2025 โ€“ December 2026
d. October 2024 โ€“ September 2026

Ans: B
PM-VBRY operates from August 1, 2025 to July 31, 2027.

5. ELI schemes primarily address which employment challenge in India?

a. Brain drain
b. Agricultural unemployment
c. Informalization of workforce
d. Public sector job freeze

Ans: C
ELI schemes aim to shift workers from informal to formal employment by incentivizing EPFO enrollment.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about PM-VBRY, Click here.

PM-VBRY: India’s Employment-Linked Incentive Scheme Disburses โ‚น2,400 Crore | UPSC Notes Read More ยป

Telangana Breakfast Scheme for Government School Students | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Telangana Current Affairs /

Why in News?

The Telangana government has launched a Breakfast Scheme for students from pre-primary to Class 12 in government schools and junior colleges, expanding nutritional support beyond the existing Mid-Day Meal Scheme.

Key Facts for UPSC Prelims

  • Scheme covers students from pre-primary (KG) to Class 12 (Intermediate)
  • Implemented in 1,269 government schools across Telangana
  • Beneficiaries: 1.44 lakh students (including school and intermediate students)
  • Mid-Day Meal Scheme extended to students in government junior colleges (Class 11 and 12)
  • The scheme targets government institutions only

Static/Exam Connect: PM POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal Scheme)

  • PM POSHAN (formerly Mid-Day Meal Scheme): Renamed as PM Poshan Shakti Nirman in 2021.
  • Originally launched in 1995 as the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education.
  • Current Central coverage: Classes 1โ€“8 (Primary and Upper Primary) in government and government-aided schools.
  • Objective: Improve enrollment, retention, attendance and nutrition among school children.
  • Administered by: Ministry of Education.
  • Telangana’s extension is notable โ€” it expands coverage beyond Central norms to include pre-primary and Class 11โ€“12 students.

Quick Revision Table

FactDetail
Scheme NameTelangana Breakfast Scheme
CoveragePre-primary to Class 12
Schools covered1,269 government schools
Beneficiaries1.44 lakh students
PM POSHAN original launch1995
PM POSHAN renamed2021
PM POSHAN ministryMinistry of Education
PM POSHAN Central coverageClasses 1โ€“8
Tamil Nadu Breakfast Scheme launched2022 (Classes 1โ€“5)

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
PM POSHAN covers up to Class 10PM POSHAN (Central) covers only Classes 1โ€“8; states can expand independently
Mid-Day Meal was launched in 2001It was launched in 1995; 2001 saw its Supreme Court-ordered expansion
PM POSHAN is under Ministry of Women & Child DevelopmentNo โ€” it is under the Ministry of Education
Telangana scheme covers private schoolsThe scheme covers only government institutions

Practice MCQs

1. The Telangana Breakfast Scheme covers students up to which class?

a. Class 8
b. Class 10
c. Class 12
d. Class 5

Ans: C
The Telangana Breakfast Scheme covers students from pre-primary to Class 12 (Intermediate) in government schools.

2. PM POSHAN Shakti Nirman is the renamed version of which scheme?

a. Integrated Child Development Services
b. Mid-Day Meal Scheme
c. National Nutrition Mission
d. Anganwadi Nutrition Scheme

Ans: B
The Mid-Day Meal Scheme was renamed PM Poshan Shakti Nirman in 2021. It is administered by the Ministry of Education.

3. PM POSHAN at the Central level covers students of:

a. Pre-primary to Class 12
b. Classes 1 to 10
c. Classes 1 to 8
d. Classes 1 to 5 only

Ans: C
The Central PM POSHAN scheme covers Classes 1โ€“8 (Primary and Upper Primary). States can expand coverage on their own.

4. When was the Mid-Day Meal Scheme originally launched in India?

a. 2001
b. 1995
c. 1990
d. 2004

Ans: B
The scheme was launched in 1995 as the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education. In 2001, the Supreme Court directed its expansion.

5. Which ministry administers the PM POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal) scheme?

a. Ministry of Women & Child Development
b. Ministry of Health
c. Ministry of Rural Development
d. Ministry of Education

Ans: D
PM POSHAN is administered by the Ministry of Education (formerly HRD Ministry), not Women & Child Development.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about the Telangana Breakfast Scheme, Click here.

Telangana Breakfast Scheme for Government School Students | UPSC Notes Read More ยป

BRICS Indore Declaration: Agriculture Networks & UPSC Prelims Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, International Current Affairs /

Why in News?

BRICS member nations unanimously adopted the ‘Indore Declaration’ โ€” a joint agricultural charter โ€” at the 16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting held in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The declaration aims to boost global farm cooperation among emerging economies.

Key Facts for UPSC Prelims

  • Meeting: 16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting
  • Declaration: Indore Declaration โ€” a unanimous joint agricultural charter
  • India proposed the BRICS Urban Research and Knowledge Network, which was accepted by all members

Four Networks Established by the Indore Declaration

  1. Centres of Excellence on Agro-Ecology and Regenerative Agriculture
  2. BRICS Network on Digital Agriculture
  3. Global Forum on Farmers’ Rights in Seed Systems
  4. BRICS AgriN (Agro Input, Genetic Resources and Information Network)

Static/Exam Connect: BRICS โ€” Origin and Expansion

  • The acronym “BRIC” was coined in 2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill to highlight the growth potential of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
  • South Africa joined in 2010, making it BRICS.
  • BRICS is an informal intergovernmental grouping โ€” not a formal international organization or treaty-based body.
  • BRICS represents the Global South and challenges Western dominance in global governance.
  • India’s BRICS Presidency: India assumed the BRICS presidency on 1 January 2026, succeeding Brazil.

BRICS+ Expansion (Current 11 Full Members)

CategoryMembers
Founding Members (BRICS)Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
New Members (joined 2024)Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia

Quick Revision Table

FactDetail
Declaration NameIndore Declaration
Meeting16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting
Networks established4 (+ India’s Urban Research Network accepted)
BRIC coined byJim O’Neill (Goldman Sachs), 2001
South Africa joined BRICS2010
Total BRICS Members11 (BRICS+)
India’s BRICS PresidencyFrom January 1, 2026
Nature of groupingInformal, intergovernmental

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
BRICS was formed with 5 members from the startStarted as BRIC (4 members); South Africa joined in 2010 making it BRICS
BRICS is a formal international organizationNo โ€” it is an informal grouping with no permanent secretariat or binding treaties
Jim O’Neill coined the term “BRICS”He coined “BRIC” (4 countries) in 2001; “BRICS” came after SA joined in 2010
India currently holds no BRICS roleIndia holds BRICS presidency (from Jan 1, 2026)
New BRICS members joined in 20236 new members were invited in 2023 but formally joined in 2024

Practice MCQs

1. The ‘Indore Declaration’ is related to which sector of cooperation among BRICS nations?

a. Defence and Security
b. Digital Currency
c. Agriculture
d. Climate Finance

Ans: C
The Indore Declaration is a joint agricultural charter adopted at the 16th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting in Indore, MP.

2. The acronym “BRIC” was coined in 2001 by:

a. World Bank
b. Jim O’Neill of Goldman Sachs
c. UN Development Programme
d. IMF

Ans: B
Jim O’Neill, an economist at Goldman Sachs, coined “BRIC” in 2001 to identify high-growth emerging economies.

3. Which of the following is NOT a founding member of BRICS?

a. Russia
b. Brazil
c. Egypt
d. South Africa

Ans: C
Egypt joined as a new member in 2024. The founding members are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

4. India assumed the BRICS Presidency on:

a. January 1, 2025
b. January 1, 2026
c. January 1, 2024
d. March 1, 2026

Ans: B
India assumed BRICS Presidency on January 1, 2026, succeeding Brazil.

5. How many new members joined BRICS in the 2024 expansion?

a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7

Ans: C
6 new members joined: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia โ€” making total BRICS membership 11.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about the BRICS Indore Declaration, Click here.

BRICS Indore Declaration: Agriculture Networks & UPSC Prelims Notes Read More ยป

Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary: Safari Tours & Key Facts for UPSC

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Environment and Ecology Current Affairs, Telangana Current Affairs /

Why in News?

The Telangana Forest Department has announced plans to launch safari tours at Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary near Paloncha in Kothagudem district, boosting eco-tourism in the region.

Key Facts: Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary

  • Location: Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana (erstwhile Khammam district)
  • River Basin: Located on the right bank of the Godavari River
  • Total Area: Approximately 635.4 sq km
  • Parent Forest Region: Integral part of the historic Dandakaranya Forest
  • Kinnerasani River: A perennial river flowing through the sanctuary; a major tributary of the Godavari River
  • Located near Paloncha town in Kothagudem district

Static/Exam Connect: Protected Areas in India

  • Wildlife Sanctuaries declared under Section 26A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
  • National Parks declared under Section 35 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
  • Key difference: In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited human activities (like grazing) may be permitted; in a National Park, no such activities are allowed.
  • Dandakaranya Forest: One of the largest forest tracts in Central India, spanning Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Named in the Ramayana.
  • Godavari River: Longest river in Peninsular India (~1,465 km); originates at Trimbakeshwar, Nashik, Maharashtra.

Other Important Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana

  • Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary โ€” known for tigers and leopards
  • Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary โ€” part of the Dandakaranya region
  • Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary โ€” core area under Project Tiger
  • Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve โ€” largest tiger reserve in India by area

Quick Revision Table

FactDetail
Sanctuary NameKinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary
StateTelangana
DistrictBhadradri Kothagudem
River (flows through)Kinnerasani River (tributary of Godavari)
River BankRight bank of Godavari
Area~635.4 sq km
Parent Forest RegionDandakaranya Forest
Largest Tiger Reserve in IndiaNagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
WPA Section for SanctuarySection 26A, Wildlife Protection Act 1972

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
Kinnerasani is in Khammam districtAfter bifurcation, it is in Bhadradri Kothagudem district (erstwhile Khammam)
Kinnerasani River is a tributary of KrishnaIt is a tributary of the Godavari River
Wildlife Sanctuaries allow no human activityNational Parks disallow human activity; Sanctuaries can permit limited activities
Dandakaranya is only in ChhattisgarhDandakaranya spans Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, AP, and Maharashtra

Practice MCQs

1. Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which district of Telangana?

a. Warangal
b. Bhadradri Kothagudem
c. Adilabad
d. Nizamabad

Ans: B
Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary is in Bhadradri Kothagudem district (formerly part of Khammam district).

2. The Kinnerasani River, which flows through the sanctuary, is a tributary of:

a. Krishna River
b. Mahanadi River
c. Godavari River
d. Tungabhadra River

Ans: C
The Kinnerasani is a perennial river that is a major tributary of the Godavari.

3. Wildlife Sanctuaries in India are declared under which Section of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972?

a. Section 18
b. Section 26A
c. Section 35
d. Section 38

Ans: B
Section 26A deals with Wildlife Sanctuaries; Section 35 covers National Parks. Section 38 deals with Tiger Reserves.

4. The Dandakaranya Forest region, of which Kinnerasani is a part, spans across:

a. Only Chhattisgarh and Odisha
b. Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, AP, and Maharashtra
c. MP, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand
d. Telangana, AP, and Karnataka

Ans: B
Dandakaranya is one of Central India’s largest forest tracts, spanning five states.

5. Which is the largest tiger reserve in India by area?

a. Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve
b. Kaziranga National Park
c. Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
d. Bandipur Tiger Reserve

Ans: C
Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Telangana/AP is the largest tiger reserve in India by area (~3,728 sq km).

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary, Click here.

Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary: Safari Tours & Key Facts for UPSC Read More ยป

Jharkhand Gets GI Tags for 11 Products: Key Facts for UPSC Prelims

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, History and Culture Current Affairs, National Current Affairs /

Why in News?

Jharkhand has received Geographical Indication (GI) tags for 11 traditional products, providing legal protection and global recognition to its rich cultural and artisanal heritage.

The 11 Products That Got GI Tags

  1. Bhoya Saree and Fabric
  2. Kuchai Silk Saree
  3. Kesaria Kalakand
  4. Dokra Craft
  5. Tumka Chadar
  6. Baroni Paintings
  7. Munda Jewellery
  8. Jharkhand Bamboo Craft
  9. Tussar Silk and Sarees
  10. Jadopatia Painting
  11. Pancho Saree and Fabric

What is a Geographical Indication (GI) Tag?

A Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products with a specific geographical origin that possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics attributable to that origin.

Key Facts for UPSC Prelims: GI Tag Framework

  • International Level: Governed under TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) at the WTO.
  • National Level: Governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 โ€” came into force in September 2003.
  • Nodal Body: Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks โ€” also serves as Registrar of Geographical Indications.
  • Validity: 10 years, renewable indefinitely for successive 10-year periods.
  • First GI Tag in India: Darjeeling Tea (2004โ€“2005).
  • GI tags fall under Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).
  • GI tags are issued by the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai.

Static/Exam Connect: Key GI Tags from Jharkhand

  • Dokra Craft: Tribal metal craft using lost-wax technique (cire perdue) โ€” also found in Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh.
  • Tussar Silk: Also known as Kosa silk; Jharkhand is India’s largest producer of Tussar silk.
  • Jadopatia Painting: Traditional scroll paintings of the Santali tribe depicting life, death, and spirituality โ€” used by Jadupatuas (wandering painters).
  • Munda Jewellery: Traditional ornaments of the Munda tribe, one of Jharkhand’s major indigenous communities.

Quick Revision Table

FactDetail
GI Tags granted to Jharkhand11 products
Governing Act (India)GI Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999
Act in force sinceSeptember 2003
International FrameworkTRIPS Agreement, WTO
Nodal AuthorityController General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks
Validity of GI Tag10 years (renewable)
First GI Tag in IndiaDarjeeling Tea (2004โ€“05)
GI Registry LocationChennai
Jharkhand’s Tussar SilkLargest producer in India

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
GI tag gives monopoly rights like patentsNo โ€” GI tag is a collective right for all producers in that region; not a monopoly
GI Act was enacted in 2003No โ€” Act enacted in 1999; it came into force in September 2003
GI tags administered by MoCommerce directlyThe Registrar is the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks under DPIIT
First GI Tag was to Kancheepuram SilkFirst GI Tag in India was to Darjeeling Tea (2004โ€“05)
Dokra Craft is exclusive to JharkhandDokra Craft is also found in Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh

Practice MCQs

1. Under which international agreement are Geographical Indications (GI) governed?

a. TRIPS Agreement (WTO)
b. Paris Convention
c. Berne Convention
d. Patent Cooperation Treaty

Ans: A
GI tags at international level are governed under the TRIPS Agreement (Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) under WTO.

2. The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act was enacted in which year?

a. 2003
b. 2000
c. 1999
d. 2005

Ans: C
The Act was enacted in 1999 but came into force only in September 2003. A common trap question in exams.

3. Which was the first product to receive a GI tag in India?

a. Kancheepuram Silk
b. Darjeeling Tea
c. Mysore Silk
d. Alphonso Mango

Ans: B
Darjeeling Tea was the first product to receive a GI tag in India in 2004โ€“05.

4. Jadopatia Painting, which received a GI tag, is associated with which tribal community?

a. Gond tribe
b. Bhil tribe
c. Santali tribe
d. Munda tribe

Ans: C
Jadopatia (scroll paintings) is a traditional art form of the Santali tribe practised by Jadupatuas (wandering painters) of Jharkhand.

5. Which body serves as the Registrar of Geographical Indications in India?

a. FSSAI
b. BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)
c. Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks
d. Intellectual Property India Board

Ans: C
The Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (under DPIIT) also serves as the Registrar of Geographical Indications.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about Jharkhand GI Tags, Click here.

Jharkhand Gets GI Tags for 11 Products: Key Facts for UPSC Prelims Read More ยป

Lt. Gen. Dhiraj Seth Appointed as Next Army Chief | UPSC Notes

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Defence Current Affairs, National Current Affairs /

Why in News?

The Government of India has appointed Lieutenant General Dhiraj Seth, currently serving as the Vice Chief of the Army Staff (VCOAS), as the next Chief of the Army Staff (COAS). He succeeds General Upendra Dwivedi, who is retiring from service.

Key Facts for UPSC Prelims

  • Dhiraj Seth was serving as Vice Chief of Army Staff before elevation.
  • Retirement age for Army Chief: 62 years or completion of 3 years in office โ€” whichever comes first.
  • The COAS is appointed by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC), headed by the Prime Minister.
  • The Army Chief holds the rank of General (4-star rank).

Current Military Leadership of India

PostOfficer
Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)General N.S. Raja Subramani
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS)General Dhiraj Seth
Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS)Admiral Krishna Swaminathan
Chief of the Air Staff (CAS)Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh

Static/Exam Connect: Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)

  • The post of CDS was created in 2020 on the recommendation of the Kargil Review Committee (2000) and Naresh Chandra Task Force (2012).
  • General Bipin Rawat was India’s first CDS (appointed January 1, 2020).
  • CDS acts as the Permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC).
  • CDS is a 4-star officer (General/Admiral/Air Chief Marshal rank).
  • The CDS heads the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) under the Ministry of Defence.
  • Theaterisation: The CDS is mandated to achieve tri-service integration through military theatres.

Quick Revision Table

FactDetail
New Army ChiefLt. Gen. Dhiraj Seth
Previous PostVice Chief of Army Staff (VCOAS)
PredecessorGeneral Upendra Dwivedi
Army Chief Retirement Age62 years OR 3 years tenure (whichever earlier)
Army Chief RankGeneral (4-star)
Current CDSGeneral N.S. Raja Subramani
CDS Created2020
First CDSGeneral Bipin Rawat

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
CDS and COAS are the same postNo โ€” CDS is head of all three services; COAS heads only the Army
Army Chief retires at 60Retirement age is 62 years (unlike IAS/IPS who retire at 60)
CDS was India’s first tri-service chiefPartially true โ€” CDS is not an operational commander; Integrated Theatre Commands will have separate commanders
VCOAS directly becomes COASNot automatic โ€” appointment is by ACC; VCOAS is a common but not guaranteed route

Practice MCQs

1. Who among the following holds the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) as of 2025?

a. Admiral Krishna Swaminathan
b. General Dhiraj Seth
c. General N.S. Raja Subramani
d. Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh

Ans: C
General N.S. Raja Subramani is the current CDS. The CDS is different from the Army Chief (COAS).

2. The post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in India was established in:

a. 2019
b. 2020
c. 2018
d. 2022

Ans: B
The CDS was created on 1 January 2020. General Bipin Rawat was the first CDS.

3. What is the retirement age of the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS)?

a. 60 years
b. 62 years or 2 years in office
c. 62 years or 3 years in office
d. 65 years

Ans: C
The COAS retires at 62 years of age or on completion of 3 years in office, whichever comes earlier.

4. Which committee recommended the creation of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)?

a. Naresh Chandra Committee (2012)
b. Kargil Review Committee (2000)
c. Both A and B
d. K. Subrahmanyam Committee

Ans: C
Both the Kargil Review Committee (2000) and the Naresh Chandra Task Force (2012) recommended creating the CDS post.

5. The CDS heads which department under the Ministry of Defence?

a. Department of Defence Production
b. Department of Military Affairs (DMA)
c. Department of Defence Research
d. Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare

Ans: B
The CDS is the Secretary of the Department of Military Affairs (DMA), which was newly created in 2020 under MoD.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about this appointment, Click here.

Lt. Gen. Dhiraj Seth Appointed as Next Army Chief | UPSC Notes Read More ยป

India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR): 5.33 MMT Capacity & Phase II

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, National Current Affairs /

Why in News

Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs) of India currently have an active storage capacity of 5.33 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) of crude oil, providing approximately 9.5 days of emergency fuel cover. To move closer to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) 90-day benchmark, India is implementing Phase II to add 6.5 MMT of capacity through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, including a first-ever private-sector commercial-cum-strategic reserve.

About India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves โ€” Key Facts for Prelims

Managing Body

  • ISPRL โ€” Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve Limited.
  • Type: Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
  • Established in 2004.

Storage Method

Crude oil is stored in underground rock caverns along India’s coastlines โ€” safer than overground tanks against natural disasters and attacks.

Phase I โ€” Current Capacity (5.33 MMT)

LocationStateCapacity
PadurKarnataka2.50 MMT (largest)
MangaluruKarnataka1.50 MMT
VisakhapatnamAndhra Pradesh1.33 MMT
Total Phase I5.33 MMT (~9.5 days)

Phase II Expansion โ€” 6.5 MMT (PPP Model)

LocationStateCapacityNote
ChandikholOdisha4.0 MMTBrand new underground cavern
Padur Phase IIKarnataka2.5 MMTExpansion of existing site
Total Phase II6.5 MMT
  • Padur Phase II mandate awarded to Megha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd โ€” India’s first private-sector commercial-cum-strategic reserve.
  • Total post-Phase II capacity: 11.83 MMT (~22 days cover).

IEA Benchmark

The International Energy Agency (IEA) recommends member countries maintain a 90-day strategic petroleum reserve. India’s current cover is only ~9.5 days โ€” highlighting the urgency of Phase II expansion.

Why SPRs Matter โ€” Exam Link

  • Protects against global oil supply shocks (e.g., wars, sanctions, OPEC cuts).
  • Supports energy security as India imports ~85% of its crude oil needs.
  • Part of India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat energy independence strategy.

Quick Revision Table

FactDetail
Phase I total capacity5.33 MMT
Emergency days cover (Phase I)~9.5 days
Managing bodyISPRL (SPV under Min. of Petroleum & Natural Gas)
Largest Phase I sitePadur, Karnataka (2.50 MMT)
Phase II total addition6.5 MMT
New Phase II siteChandikhol, Odisha (4.0 MMT)
IEA recommended benchmark90 days
Post-Phase II total capacity11.83 MMT (~22 days)
Storage methodUnderground rock caverns
Padur Phase II operatorMegha Engineering & Infrastructures Ltd

Trap / Confusing Points

Common ConfusionCorrect Fact
ISPRL is under Ministry of FinanceโŒ Under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
All SPR sites are in KarnatakaโŒ Phase I: 2 in Karnataka, 1 in Andhra Pradesh; Phase II adds Odisha
India has 90 days of reserve coverโŒ Current cover is only ~9.5 days; 90 days is the IEA benchmark
ISPRL is a ministry or departmentโŒ It is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)
Chandikhol is an existing Phase I siteโŒ Chandikhol is a new Phase II site in Odisha
Largest site is VisakhapatnamโŒ Largest is Padur, Karnataka at 2.50 MMT
SPRs stored in overground tanksโŒ Stored in underground rock caverns

Practice MCQs

1. India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves are managed by:
a. Oil India Limited
b. ONGC
c. ISPRL
d. Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board

Ans: C
ISPRL (Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve Limited) is the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas that manages India’s SPRs.

2. Which of the following is the largest Strategic Petroleum Reserve site in India (Phase I)?
a. Visakhapatnam
b. Mangaluru
c. Chandikhol
d. Padur

Ans: D
Padur, Karnataka holds the largest Phase I SPR capacity at 2.50 MMT. Note: Chandikhol is a Phase II (new) site, not Phase I.

3. India’s current Strategic Petroleum Reserves provide approximately how many days of emergency fuel cover?
a. 90 days
b. 30 days
c. 22 days
d. 9.5 days

Ans: D
The Phase I capacity of 5.33 MMT gives approximately 9.5 days of cover. 90 days is the IEA benchmark, and 22 days would be the cover after Phase II completion.

4. Under Phase II, which new location has been selected for a 4.0 MMT underground SPR?
a. Bhatinda, Punjab
b. Chandikhol, Odisha
c. Kochi, Kerala
d. Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Ans: B
Chandikhol, Odisha is the brand-new Phase II site with a planned capacity of 4.0 MMT โ€” the largest single site in the expanded SPR network.

5. India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves are stored in:
a. Overground metal tanks at ports
b. Underground rock caverns
c. Floating storage units at sea
d. Pressurised cylinders at refineries

Ans: B
India’s SPRs are stored in underground rock caverns along the country’s coastlines โ€” providing protection against natural disasters, sabotage, and fire hazards compared to overground tanks.

To learn current affairs from exam point of view, Click here.

To know more about the discussed issues, Click here.

India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR): 5.33 MMT Capacity & Phase II Read More ยป

Subscribe
Subscribe