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All you need to know about G20 (from exam point of view)

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What is G20?

The Group of Twenty (G20) is an informal international forum of the world’s major economies that focuses on global economic stability, financial governance, climate change, and sustainable development.

Formed in 1999 after the Asian Financial Crisis
Upgraded to Leaders’ Summit level in 2008 after the Global Financial Crisis

Represents:

85% of global GDP
75% of world trade
Two-thirds of world population

Members of G20

19 Countries + 1 Regional Organization

Countries:
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Türkiye, UK, USA

Regional Organization:

European Union

Objectives of G20

Promote global economic stability
Reform international financial institutions
Address climate change
Enhance sustainable development
Strengthen global health systems
Promote digital economy & innovation

Important summits:

Year	Host Country	Key Highlight
2008	USA	First Leaders’ Summit
2015	Türkiye	Focus on refugees
2020	Saudi Arabia	COVID-19 response
2023	India	African Union inclusion
2024	Brazil	Focus on inequality

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500 years for First Battle of Panipat (1526)

Why in News?

India marked the 500th anniversary of the First Battle of Panipat on April 21, 2026. Fought in 1526, this battle reshaped Indian history by ending the Delhi Sultanate and laying the foundation of Mughal rule.

Background of the Battle

The First Battle of Panipat was fought on April 21, 1526, between:

Babur (invader from Central Asia)
Ibrahim Lodi (ruler of Delhi Sultanate)

Immediate Cause

Internal conflicts weakened the Delhi Sultanate
Afghan nobles, including:
- Daulat Khan Lodi
- Alam Khan
They invited Babur to invade India and overthrow Ibrahim Lodi

Results of the Battle

Ibrahim Lodi was defeated and killed
Babur captured Delhi and Agra
End of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)

Impact and Significance

1. Foundation of the Mughal Empire

Established the rule of the Mughal dynasty
Continued for nearly 300 years

2. Military Transformation

Introduction of gunpowder warfare in India
Decline of traditional warfare methods like war elephants

3. End of Delhi Sultanate

Marked the collapse of a 320-year-old regime

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Adi Shankaracharya Jayanti 2026

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, History and Culture Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Adi Shankaracharya on his Jayanti, highlighting his enduring influence on Indian philosophy and spirituality. His teachings continue to shape India’s cultural and intellectual traditions

Who was Adi Shankaracharya?

Adi Shankaracharya (788–820 CE) was one of the greatest philosophers of India and is widely known as “Jagatguru” (World Teacher).

Key Contributions

Revived Hindu philosophy during a time of excessive ritualism
Systematised the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta
Established four major mathas (monasteries) in India:
- Sringeri (South)
- Dwaraka (West)
- Puri (East)
- Badrinath (North)

Core Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta (Non-Dualism)

The term Advaita means “not two”, implying that reality is one and indivisible.

Three Fundamental Concepts

1. Brahman (Ultimate Reality)

The only eternal and unchanging reality
Formless, infinite, and beyond human perception

2. Atman (Individual Soul)

The inner self or soul of an individual
According to Shankaracharya, Atman = Brahman

Famous Mahavakya: “Aham Brahmasmi” (I am Brahman)

3. Maya (Illusion)

The material world is an illusion
It creates a false perception of diversity and separation

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Shekha Jheel Becomes India’s 99th Ramsar Site

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Environment and Ecology Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

India has added another important wetland to its conservation network. The Shekha Jheel Bird Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh has been designated as the 99th Ramsar Wetland Site, highlighting its ecological importance and role in bird conservation

Location: Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh Status: Declared India’s 99th Ramsar Site (2026)Biodiversity:

249 bird species recorded
62 species directly dependent on the wetland ecosystem

Migratory Importance:

Lies on the Central Asian Flyway (CAF)
Hosts species like:
- Bar-headed goose
- Painted stork

What is Central Asian Flyway (CAF)?

One of the 9 major global migratory bird flyways Connects:

Breeding grounds: Arctic region (Siberia)
Wintering grounds: Indian subcontinent & nearby regions

Covers 30 countries from Arctic Ocean to Indian Ocean Operates under:

Convention on Migratory Species

Ramsar Wetland Site – Meaning & Significance

A Ramsar Site is a wetland recognized as internationally important
Declared under the:
- Ramsar Convention
Criteria for designation:
- Ecological significance
- Biodiversity richness
- Hydrological importance

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India launched Designer Rice : High-Protein, Low-GI Innovation

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Science and Technology Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

Scientists from the CSIR–National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) have developed a “designer rice” with enhanced nutritional value. This innovation aims to tackle malnutrition, anaemia, and diabetes through advanced food processing techniques.

What is Designer Rice?

Designer rice is a scientifically engineered food product created using food architecture and extrusion technology.
Unlike conventional rice (rich in starch), it is modified to provide better nutrition and controlled glucose release.

Key Features of Designer Rice

High Protein Content

Contains 20–22% protein
Nearly 3 times higher than regular rice (6–8%)
Helps in improving nutritional intake, especially in protein-deficient populations

Low Glycaemic Index (GI)

GI value: Below 55 (≈54)
Ensures slow release of glucose
Beneficial for managing Type 2 Diabetes

Micronutrient Fortification

Enriched with essential nutrients:

Iron – Prevents anaemia
Folic Acid – Important for cell growth
Vitamin B12 – Supports nerve function and blood formation

Non-GMO Technology

Developed using food processing techniques
Does not involve genetic modification (GMO)
Uses extrusion technology to reshape nutritional composition

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Recusal Explained 2026

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Polity Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

Justice Swarana Kanta Sharma of the Delhi High Court rejected a plea filed by Arvind Kejriwal seeking her recusal from the Delhi excise policy case. The issue brings attention to the important judicial concept of recusal.

What is Recusal?

Recusal refers to the voluntary withdrawal of a judge or judicial authority from a case due to a possible conflict of interest, ensuring fairness and impartiality in the judicial process.

Key Features of Recusal

Purpose

Maintain judicial impartiality
Ensure fair trial
Uphold public confidence in courts

Reasons for Recusal

A judge may step aside when:

There is a personal relationship with parties involved
Financial interests are connected to the case
The judge had prior professional involvement

Process & Nature

Voluntary decision by the judge (based on conscience)
Can be requested by parties, but final decision rests with the judge
Not strictly governed by codified law (guided by judicial ethics)

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Union cabinet approves Bharat Maritime Insurance Pool 2026

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Indian Economy Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

In response to disruptions in global shipping due to the West Asia conflict, the Union Cabinet has approved the Bharat Maritime Insurance Pool (BMI Pool). This initiative ensures uninterrupted insurance coverage for maritime operations involving India.

What is Bharat Maritime Insurance Pool?

The Bharat Maritime Insurance Pool is a government-backed insurance mechanism designed to provide coverage for various maritime risks. It aims to reduce dependence on foreign insurers and strengthen India’s shipping resilience.

Key Features of the Scheme

Sovereign Guarantee: Backed by a government guarantee of ₹12,980 crore

Duration
- Initial period: 10 years
- Extendable by 5 more years
Management
- Managed by GIC Re
- Supervised by a Governing Body

Why Was This Scheme Introduced?

Disruptions in global shipping routes due to West Asia geopolitical tensions
Rising war risk premiums in maritime insurance
Need to ensure continuous insurance availability for Indian shipping
Reduce reliance on foreign insurance providers

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PMGSY-III Extended Till 2028:

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Indian Economy Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Phase III (PMGSY-III) beyond March 2025 up to March 2028. This extension aims to strengthen rural infrastructure by upgrading existing road networks and improving connectivity to essential services.

Objectives of PMGSY-III

Upgrade 1,25,000 km of rural roads
Improve connectivity to:
- Gramin Agricultural Markets (GrAMs)
- Higher Secondary Schools
- Hospitals
Boost rural economy and accessibility

Background of PMGSY

Launched in 2000
Implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development
A centrally sponsored scheme

Funding Pattern

60:40 (Centre : State)
90:10 for North-East & Himalayan States
Core Objective: Provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations to improve socio-economic conditions.

Target Population Criteria (2011 Census)

500+ population in plain areas
250+ population in NE, Himalayan, tribal & desert areas
100+ population in Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected districts

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Borrowers’ Platform Launched by Developing Countries

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Indian Economy Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

In a major step towards reforming the global financial system, developing countries launched the Borrowers’ Platform during the IMF-World Bank Spring Meetings 2026. This is the first-ever collective initiative aimed at strengthening the voice of borrowing nations in global debt discussions.

What is the Borrowers’ Platform?

A collaborative forum for developing countries.
Focuses on sovereign debt issues and financial challenges.
Helps countries coordinate strategies and share knowledge.
Aims to rebalance global financial governance, which is currently dominated by lenders.

Secretariat: The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) serves as the permanent secretariat, providing technical and administrative support.
Member-Led Structure: It is governed by the finance ministers of participating nations.
Working Group: A seven-country group currently guides implementation, chaired by Egypt with Pakistan as vice-chair. Other founding members include Colombia, Honduras, Maldives, Nepal, and Zambia.

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Jonnagiri Gold Project: India’s First Private Gold Mine

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Andhra Pradesh Current Affairs / PSC Chronicles Team

Why in News?

The Jonnagiri Gold Project in Andhra Pradesh is set to begin full commercial production in May 2026. It is a landmark development as India’s first large-scale private gold mining project after Independence, marking a shift in the country’s mining sector.

Jonnagiri Gold Project

Location

Situated in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh
Covers 598 hectares
Includes villages:
- Jonnagiri
- Erragudi
- Pagidirayi

Developer & Ownership

Developed by Geomysore Services India Pvt Ltd
Backed by: Deccan Gold Mines Ltd (DGML)

Investment & Capacity

Total investment: ₹400+ crore
Annual production target:
- 750 kg to 1 tonne of gold
Certified gold resources:
- 13.1 tonnes
Exploration potential:
- Up to 42.5 tonnes

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