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Science and Technology Current Affairs

E20 Petrol with RON 95 Made Mandatory Across India

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Why in News?

From April 1, 2026, the Government of India has implemented a major fuel reform by mandating the nationwide sale of E20 petrol (20% ethanol-blended fuel) with a minimum Research Octane Number (RON) of 95.

e20 petrol

What is E20 Petrol?

E20 petrol is a blended fuel consisting of:

  • 80% conventional petrol
  • 20% ethanol (biofuel)

Key Features

  • Ethanol Source:
    • Derived from agricultural products like:
      • Sugarcane
      • Maize (corn)
      • Other food grains
  • Renewable Fuel:
    • Ethanol is a renewable and eco-friendly energy source
  • Nationwide Implementation:
    • Applicable across all States and Union Territories from April 2026
What is Research Octane Number (RON 95)?
  • Definition:
    • RON measures a fuel’s ability to resist engine knocking (premature combustion)
  • RON 95 Explained:
    • Indicates higher fuel stability
    • Performs better under high pressure and temperature
  • Previous Standard:
    • Earlier petrol standard was RON 91

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Mission MITRA: Preparing Gaganyatris for Space

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Why in News?

India has launched Mission MITRA to evaluate astronaut-designates (Gaganyatris) for India’s first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan. The mission focuses on testing physical, psychological, and teamwork capabilities in extreme high-altitude conditions.

mission mitra 1

What is Mission MITRA?

  • Full Form: Mapping of Interoperable Traits and Response Assessment (MITRA)
  • Conducted by: ISRO
  • Purpose: To assess astronauts’ ability to function effectively under extreme conditions

Key Features

  • Four astronaut-designates involved:
    • Shubhanshu Shukla
    • Prashanth Balakrishnan Nair
    • Ajit Krishnan
    • Angad Pratap
  • Testing Location: High-altitude regions of Ladakh

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Chandrayaan-4 Landing Site: ISRO Selects Mons Mouton Near Lunar South Pole for Sample Return Mission

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Why in News?

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has identified Mons Mouton as the landing site for Chandrayaan-4

chandrayaan 4

Key Highlights:

  • Landing Site: Mons Mouton
    • A flat-topped mountain near the lunar south pole
  • Located near:
    • South Pole–Aitken (SPA) Basin
    • One of the largest and oldest impact basins in the Solar System

Chandrayaan-4:

Chandrayaan-4 is the fourth phase of India’s lunar exploration programme. It represents a shift from:

  • Exploration (Chandrayaan-1, 2, 3)
    → to
  • Sample return missions (advanced space capability)

Importance of South Pole region:

  • Presence of water ice deposits
  • Scientifically unexplored terrain
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055983&reg=3&lang=2: Chandrayaan-4 Landing Site: ISRO Selects Mons Mouton Near Lunar South Pole for Sample Return Mission

Chandrayaan-4 Landing Site: ISRO Selects Mons Mouton Near Lunar South Pole for Sample Return Mission Read More »

Kyasanur Forest Disease Vaccine: ICMR Begins Human Clinical Trials for Improved KFD Vaccine

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Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has initiated human clinical trials for an improved vaccine against Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD). The move aims to strengthen India’s response to tick-borne viral diseases in the Western Ghats.

kyasanur forest disease

Kyasanur Forest Disease:

Also known as: “Monkey Fever”Causative Agent:

  • KFD virus (a Flavivirus)

Transmission (Vector):

  • Bite of infected hard ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera)

Animal Hosts:

  • Monkeys (macaques and langurs)
  • Rodents and shrews

Human Symptoms:

  • Fever, headache, muscle pain
  • Hemorrhagic manifestations in severe cases
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/icmr-initiates-human-clinical-trials-for-improved-kyasanur-forest-disease-vaccine/article70606917.ece: Kyasanur Forest Disease Vaccine: ICMR Begins Human Clinical Trials for Improved KFD Vaccine

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Haven-1: World’s First Private Space Station to Launch in 2027

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Why in News?

  • The world’s first private space station “Haven-1” is scheduled to launch in 2027 aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.
  • It marks a major shift from government-led missions to commercial space infrastructure.
haven 1

Key Highlights

Developed by:

  • US-based aerospace company Vast

Launch Timeline:

  • Expected in early 2027

Launch Vehicle:

  • SpaceX Falcon 9, a reusable rocket reducing mission costs

Significance:

  • First privately owned space station
  • Beginning of commercial space station era

Context:

  • Comes as the International Space Station is expected to be retired by the end of this decade

What is International Space Station?

A habitable artificial satellite in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Serves as a microgravity research laboratory One of the most complex international collaborations involving:

  • NASA (USA)
  • Roscosmos (Russia)
  • European Space Agency (Europe)
  • JAXA (Japan)
  • Canadian Space Agency (Canada)
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/worlds-first-private-space-station-haven-1-aboard-a-spacex-falcon-9-rocket-set-to-launch-in-2027/articleshow/127884540.cms: Haven-1: World’s First Private Space Station to Launch in 2027

Haven-1: World’s First Private Space Station to Launch in 2027 Read More »

Azista Space Captures ISS Images: Boost to India’s Space Situational Awareness (SSA)

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Hyderabad-based Azista Space has successfully captured images of the International Space Station using its own satellite. This marks a significant step in strengthening India’s indigenous Space Situational Awareness (SSA) capabilities.

azista space

First-of-its-kind achievement:

  • Azista Space demonstrated “in-orbit snooping” capability.

What was done?

  • Its satellite successfully captured images of the ISS from orbit, proving advanced tracking and imaging abilities.

Importance of SSA:

  • Helps in detecting, tracking, and identifying objects in space.
  • Prevents collisions between satellites and space debris.
  • Protects critical infrastructure like:
    • Communication satellites
    • Navigation systems (e.g., GPS/NavIC)
https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/azista-space-spying-satellites-space-situational-awareness-collission-crash-iss-2864913-2026-02-08: Azista Space Captures ISS Images: Boost to India’s Space Situational Awareness (SSA)

Azista Space Captures ISS Images: Boost to India’s Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Read More »

Union Budget 2026: India to Establish New Telescopes (NLST & NLOT) – Key Facts for Exams:

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Why in News?

Union Budget 2026 approved the establishment of two major telescopes to boost India’s capabilities in space and astrophysical research. The initiative focuses on studying the Sun and the origin of the universe.

national large telescope

Key Highlights

  • New Telescopes Approved:
    • National Large Solar Telescope (NLST) at Merak region near Pangong Tso (Ladakh)
    • National Large Optical–Near Infrared Telescope (NLOT) at Hanle, Ladakh

Important Fact

  • NLST will become India’s 3rd ground-based solar observatory after:
    • Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (1899, Tamil Nadu)
    • Udaipur Solar Observatory (1975, Rajasthan)
https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=285551&reg=3&lang=2: Union Budget 2026: India to Establish New Telescopes (NLST & NLOT) – Key Facts for Exams:

Union Budget 2026: India to Establish New Telescopes (NLST & NLOT) – Key Facts for Exams: Read More »

Tetanus and Diphtheria Vaccine Launched in India – Key Facts for Exams

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Why in News?

The Union Health Minister launched a Tetanus and Diphtheria (Td) vaccine programme. The initiative aims to strengthen protection against life-threatening infectious diseases in India.

tetanus and diphtheria vaccine launched

Tetanus and Adult Diphtheria (Td) vaccine is a dual-protection shot that immunizes older children and adults against tetanus and diphtheria.

About Tetanus:

Tetanus is a serious, sometimes fatal, disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, which produce a toxin causing severe, painful muscle spasms and “lockjaw”

  • Source: Soil, dust, animal manure.
  • Transmission: Enters body through cuts, wounds, or injuries

About Diphtheria:

Diphtheria is a serious, highly contagious bacterial infection caused by toxin-producing strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. While it typically affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, it can also impact the skin.

Cause: Bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Transmission: Spread through respiratory droplets.

Symptoms:

  • Sore throat, fever
  • Thick grey membrane (pseudomembrane) in throat
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2230793&reg=3&lang=1: Tetanus and Diphtheria Vaccine Launched in India – Key Facts for Exams

Tetanus and Diphtheria Vaccine Launched in India – Key Facts for Exams Read More »

PSLV-C62 / EOS-N1 mission failed due to anomaly during upper-stage flight:

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Why in News?

The PSLV-C62 mission carrying the EOS-N1 satellite was declared unsuccessful due to an anomaly during the upper-stage flight. This raises concerns as it is the second consecutive failure of PSLV, India’s trusted launch vehicle

pslv c62

Key Highlights:

  • Mission Name: PSLV-C62
  • Launch Vehicle: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
  • Payload: 16 satellites
  • Main Satellite: EOS-N1 (Anvesha)
  • Failure Reason: Anomaly during upper-stage flight (PS4 stage)
  • Previous Failure: PSLV-C61 (May 2025, third-stage issue)
EOS-N1 (Anvesha)

EOS-N1, also known as Anvesha, was a highly advanced hyperspectral Earth-observation satellite developed by DRDO.  
It was intended to serve as a critical strategic asset for national security, capable of “seeing” through camouflage by identifying materials based on their unique spectral fingerprints.

Exam Tip:

Remember: PSLV = 4 stages → Solid + Liquid + Solid + Liquid

https://theprint.in/science/isro-pslv-c62-eos-n1-satellite/2825191/: PSLV-C62 / EOS-N1 mission failed due to anomaly during upper-stage flight:

PSLV-C62 / EOS-N1 mission failed due to anomaly during upper-stage flight: Read More »

IIT Madras Launches ‘Param Shakti’ Supercomputer

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Why in News?

IIT Madras has launched ‘Param Shakti’, an indigenously developed supercomputer. It marks a significant advancement in India’s high-performance computing (HPC) under the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)

param shakti

Key Highlights:

  • Developed by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC).
  • Installed at IIT Madras.
  • Built under the National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) jointly led by: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and Department of Science and Technology (DST)
Background:

A supercomputer is a highly powerful computer capable of performing extremely complex calculations at very high speeds. India has been developing supercomputers under the PARAM series, starting with PARAM 8000 (1991).

The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) aims to create a network of 70+ supercomputers across India to boost research and innovation.

https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Jan/09/supercomputer-param-shakti-launched-at-iit-madras: IIT Madras Launches ‘Param Shakti’ Supercomputer

IIT Madras Launches ‘Param Shakti’ Supercomputer Read More »

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