January 2026 (3rd week) Current affairs Practice Questions:
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January 2026 (2nd week) Current affairs Practice Questions:
Current affairs Practice Questions
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January-2026 1st week Important Current affairs Practice
Important MCQs from January 1st week current affairs
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World Homoeopathy Day 2026: Theme, History & Key Facts Explained
Why in News
World Homoeopathy Day is observed every year on April 10 to mark the birth anniversary of Samuel Hahnemann, the pioneer of Homoeopathy
World Homoeopathy Day 2026 β Key Highlights
- Date: April 10, 2026
- Theme 2026: βHomoeopathy for Sustainable Healthβ
- Purpose: To Promote awareness about homoeopathy
What is Homoeopathy?
Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine based on the belief that the body can cure itself. It was developed in Germany in the late 1700s by a physician named Samuel Hahnemann. The name comes from the Greek words hΓ³moios (“similar”) and pΓ‘thos (“suffering”)
Key Principles of Homoeopathy
1. Law of Similars
- A substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person can treat similar symptoms in a sick person.
2. Individualised Treatment
- Focuses on the patient as a whole, not just the disease
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Telangana Gets 2 New Airports: Warangal & Adilabad-Explained for TGPSC exams
Why in News?
The Government of India has approved the development of two new airports in TelanganaβWarangal and Adilabad. This move aims to boost regional connectivity, economic growth, and aviation infrastructure in the state.
Warangal (Mamnoor) Airport
- Approved by the Ministry of Civil Aviation
- Located at Mamnoor near Warangal
- Historically used as a training airfield Will be redeveloped into a major aviation hub for North Telangana
Adilabad Airport (Dual-Use Airport)
- To be developed by the Ministry of Defence Designed as a dual-use airport:
- Military training operations
- Civilian air services
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UNFCCC Explained 2026: Complete Guide for UPSC and State PSC exams
What is UNFCCC?
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty aimed at combating climate change by stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.
- Adopted during the Rio Earth Summit
- Came into force in 1994
- Secretariat located in Bonn
- Nearly 197 Parties (universal membership)
Key Principles of UNFCCC
1. Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)
- Developed countries bear greater responsibility
- Recognizes historical emissions
2. Equity Principle
- Fair distribution of responsibilities among nations
3. Precautionary Principle
- Lack of full scientific certainty should not delay action
4. Sustainable Development
- Climate actions must align with development goals
Conference of Parties (COP)
The Conference of Parties (COP) is the supreme decision-making body of UNFCCC.
Key Features:
- Held annually
- Reviews implementation of the Convention
- Negotiates new agreements
Important COP Outcomes:
- COP3 (Kyoto, 1997) β Kyoto Protocol
- COP21 (Paris, 2015) β Paris Agreement
- Recent COPs focus on climate finance, adaptation, and net-zero targets
Major Agreements under UNFCCC
1. Kyoto Protocol (1997)
- Legally binding emission reduction targets
- The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and in force from 2005 to 2020, was the first legally binding international treaty requiring industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It operationalized the UNFCCC by setting binding targets for 37 nations to reduce emissions by an average of 5% below 1990 levels during 2008β2012.
2. Paris Agreement (2015)
- It is a legally binding international treaty adopted by 195 nations at COP21 in 2015, aiming to limit global temperature increases to well below 2Β°Cβpreferably 1.5Β°Cβabove pre-industrial levels.
- It entered into force on November 4, 2016, requiring countries to submit, update, and fulfill ambitious climate action plans (NDCs) every five years to combat climate change
Financial Mechanisms under UNFCCC
- Green Climate Fund (GCF)
- Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Developed countries are expected to provide climate finance to developing nations.
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India Withdraws Bid for COP 33 (2028)
India has withdrawn its bid to host the 33rd Conference of Parties (COP 33) scheduled for 2028.
- COP is the annual global climate summit held under the United Nations climate framework, where countries discuss actions to tackle climate change
What is UNFCCC?
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the main international agreement guiding global efforts to combat climate change.
Key Facts:
- Adopted: 1992
- Event: Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro)
- Objective: Stabilize greenhouse gas emissions to prevent dangerous climate change
- Nature: Framework treaty (not legally binding emission targets)
Important Agreements under UNFCCC:
- Kyoto Protocol
- Legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries
- Paris Agreement
- Aim: Limit global warming to well below 2Β°C, preferably 1.5Β°C
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Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam 2023 β Complete Guide for UPSC and state PSC exams 2026
What is Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam 2023?
The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 is a landmark constitutional amendment aimed at enhancing womenβs political participation in India. It provides 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
- It is officially known as the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023
Key Features of the Act
1. Reservation for Women
- 33% reservation in:
- Lok Sabha
- State Legislative Assemblies
- Includes reservation within SC/ST seats
2. Duration of Reservation
- Reservation will be applicable for 15 years (can be extended by Parliament)
3. Rotation of Seats
- Reserved constituencies will be rotated after each delimitation exercise
4. Implementation Condition
- Comes into effect only after delimitation based on the next Census
Constitutional Amendments
The Act introduces changes to the following Articles:
- Article 330A β Reservation in Lok Sabha
- Article 332A β Reservation in State Assemblies
- Article 334A β Duration and implementation
Significance of the Act
1. Political Empowerment
- Ensures greater participation of women in law-making
2. Gender Equality
- Promotes substantive equality in governance
3. Better Governance
- Studies show women leaders focus more on:
- Health
- Education
- Welfare
4. Inclusive Democracy
- Strengthens democratic values
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Women Reservation Bill Amendments 2026: Key Highlights
Why in News?
Union Cabinet has approved amendments to fast-track the implementation of the Womenβs Reservation Act (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam).
- This move aims to ensure 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies by the 2029 General Elections, instead of delaying it further.
Key Amendments Approved by Cabinet
Early Implementation:
- Reservation will now be implemented in 2029 General Elections. Based on 2011 Census data
- Earlier provision:
- Required new Census + delimitation
- Likely delay till 2034
Expansion of Lok Sabha Seats
- Current strength: 543 seats
- Proposed increase: 816 seats (β50% rise)
- Expansion linked to population changes & representation balance
Reservation for Women
- Out of 816 seats:
- 273 seats reserved for women (33%)
Delimitation Based on 2011 Census
- Constituencies will be redrawn using: 2011 Census of India
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Consumer Price Index (CPI)-Explained for UPSC and State PSC exams
What is Consumer Price Index (CPI)?
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average change in prices of a basket of goods and services consumed by households over time.
- It tracks the average change over time in the prices paid by consumers for a fixed basket of goods and services.Β
Who Releases CPI in India?
- Released by: National Statistical Office (NSO)
- Under: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
Types of CPI in India
| Type of CPI | Releasing Authority | Purpose/Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| CPI-Combined (Rural + Urban) | NSO (MoSPI) | Headline inflation indicator for RBI’s monetary policy. |
| CPI for Industrial Workers (IW) | Labour Bureau | Used for Dearness Allowance (DA) revision for govt employees. |
| CPI for Agricultural Labourers (AL) | Labour Bureau | Used for wage fixation under MGNREGA and state minimum wages. |
| CPI for Rural Labourers (RL) | Labour Bureau | Measures price changes faced by rural labour households. |
Recent changes in CPI
- Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has revised the base year for the CPI series from 2012 toΒ 2024
- Weight Source: Based on theΒ Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023-24.
- Expanded Basket: The number of weighted items increased from 299 toΒ 358Β (308 goods and 50 services).
- New Items: Included modern services likeΒ OTT streaming, e-commerce, andΒ rural house rentΒ for the first time.
- Weightage Shift: The weight ofΒ Food and BeveragesΒ has been reduced from approximately 45.86% toΒ 36.75%, reflecting its decreasing share in modern household budgets
Other facts related to CPI:
- Headline Inflation: Measured byΒ CPI-Combined (Rural + Urban), it is the primary indicator used by theΒ Reserve Bank of India (RBI)Β for monetary policy and inflation targeting (target:Β 4% Β± 2%).
- Core Inflation: Headline inflation minus the volatile components (Food and Fuel).
- Calculation Method: Uses theΒ Laspeyres Index Formula
CPI vs. WPI
- Scope: CPI covers bothΒ goods and services, while WPI (Wholesale Price Index) coversΒ only goods.
- Price Level: CPI measures retail prices (consumer perspective); WPI measures wholesale prices (producer/bulk perspective).
- Weights: Food has a significantlyΒ higher weightageΒ in CPI (over 36%) compared to WPI (~24%)
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