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PSC Chronicles Team

UK Pauses Chagos Islands Transfer to Mauritius

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, International Current Affairs /

Why in News?

United Kingdom has paused its plan to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius due to concerns raised by the United States.

chagos islands

Historical Background

  • 1965: UK separated Chagos Islands from Mauritius before its independence
  • Created a new territory called British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)
  • 1968–1973: Around 2,000 Chagossians were forcibly displaced to Mauritius and Seychelles
  • Purpose: Establish a joint UK-US military base at Diego Garcia

In 2019, the International Court of Justice ruled:

  • Separation of Chagos Islands from Mauritius was illegal
  • UK should end its administration “as rapidly as possible”
  • UN General Assembly also supported Mauritius’ claim

UK had earlier agreed in principle to transfer sovereignty to Mauritius However, the plan is now paused due to lack of formal approval from the United States.

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Montreal Protocol – Complete & Easy Explanation for UPSC and state PSC exams

Leave a Comment / Environment notes /

What is the Montreal Protocol?

Montreal Protocol (1987) is a landmark international treaty aimed at protecting the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) like CFCs and HCFCs

  • It is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
montreal protocol explained

Key Highlights:

  • Adoption & Action: Adopted on September 16, 1987; entered into force in 1989.
  • Goal: To protect the ozone layer from CFCs, halons, and other chemicals used in refrigeration and aerosols.
  • Kigali Amendment (2016): An important amendment requiring a phase-down of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—a potent greenhouse gas—to combat climate change. India ratified the Kigali Amendment in 2021.
  • Multilateral Fund: Established to assist developing countries in transitioning to non-ODS technologies.

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India to Ban New HFC Projects After 2027-Explained for UPSC and state PSC exams

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Environment and Ecology Current Affairs /

India has taken a major step to tackle climate change by restricting the production of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). The government has announced that no new environmental clearances will be granted for HFC projects after 2027. This aligns with India’s international climate commitments under the Kigali Amendment

kigali amendment

The Environment Ministry has decided:

  • No new environmental clearances for HFC production from January 1, 2028
  • No expansion of existing HFC manufacturing units after December 31, 2027

What are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)?

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are organic compounds consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. They are entirely man-made synthetic gases developed as a non-ozone-depleting alternative to Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

  • Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): HFCs have zero ODP because they do not contain chlorine, which is the primary catalyst for ozone layer destruction.
  • Global Warming Potential (GWP): Despite being ozone-friendly, HFCs are potent greenhouse gases. Their GWP can be hundreds to thousands of times higher than carbon dioxide per unit mass.

India & Kigali Amendment

  • India ratified the Kigali Amendment in 2021
  • It is part of the Montreal Protocol
  • Aim:
    • Gradual reduction of HFC production and consumption

India falls under Group 2 (Developing Countries) and India’s target is

YearReduction Target
203210% reduction
203720% reduction
204230% reduction
204785% reduction

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Mahatma Jyotiba Phule – Complete Notes for UPSC 2026 and State PSC exams

Leave a Comment / Indian History Notes /

Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (1827–1890) was a pioneering social reformer, thinker, and anti-caste activist from Pune.

He is widely regarded as a champion of social justice, who worked tirelessly for:

  • Abolition of caste discrimination
  • Women’s education
  • Upliftment of marginalized communities

He is popularly known as “Mahatma Phule

mahatma jyotiba phule

Major Contributions of Jyotiba Phule:

Pioneer of Women’s Education in India

  • Opened the first girls’ school in India (1848, Pune)
  • His wife Savitribai Phule became India’s first female teacher
  • Promoted education for widows and oppressed classes

Establishment of Satyashodhak Samaj (1873)

Founded Satyashodhak Samaj Objective:

  • Promote truth and social justice
  • Reject caste hierarchy
  • Provide equal rights to lower castes.
  • Caste Equality: He was among the first to use the term “Dalit” to describe the oppressed classes outside the varna system. 
  • Women’s Welfare: Established Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (1863) to prevent female infanticide and provide shelter to pregnant widows.

Important Works of Jyotiba Phule

  • Gulamgiri (Slavery) – Critique of caste oppression
  • Shetkaryacha Asud – Focus on farmer exploitation
  • Sarvajanik Satya Dharma – Social philosophy

Title: 

  • Bestowed the title “Mahatma” on May 11, 1888, by social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar

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Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jayanti 2026: Complete Notes for UPSC & PSC Exams

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, History and Culture Current Affairs /

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule on his birth anniversary, recognizing his immense contribution to social justice, education, and equality in India.

mahatma jyotiba phule

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Major contributions:

1. Pioneer of Women’s Education

  • In 1848, started the first girls’ school at Bhide Wada, Pune
  • Educated his wife Savitribai Phule, who became India’s first woman teacher
  • Promoted education as a tool for social transformation

2. Satyashodhak Samaj (1873)

  • Founded Satyashodhak Samaj to promote social equality and fight against caste discrimination

3. Concept of ‘Dalit’

  • Among the first leaders to use the term “Dalit” (meaning oppressed)

4. Literary Contribution – Gulamgiri (1873)

  • Famous book Gulamgiri (means Slavery)
  • Compared caste oppression in India with racial slavery in America
  • Highlighted exploitation and inequality

5. Title of “Mahatma”

  • Conferred in 1888 by social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar
  • Recognized for his lifelong service to society

Legacy and Influence

  • Inspired leaders like Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
  • Ambedkar considered Phule as one of his three gurus (along with Buddha and Kabir)
  • Laid foundation for the modern anti-caste movement in India

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Rajya Sabha Explained for UPSC & State PSCs 2026: Powers, Members, Functions

Leave a Comment / Indian Polity Notes /

What is Rajya Sabha?

The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) is the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. It represents the states and union territories of India and acts as a revising chamber.

  • Mentioned under Article 79 of the Constitution
  • Composition defined in Article 80

Composition of Rajya Sabha

  • Maximum Strength: 250 members
    • 238 → Elected representatives of States & UTs
    • 12 → Nominated by the President
  • Current Strength: 245 members

Nominated Members

The President nominates 12 members from fields like:

  • Literature
  • Science
  • Art
  • Social Service

Election of Members

  • Elected by elected members of State Legislative Assemblies
  • Through Proportional Representation by Single Transferable Vote (STV)

Tenure of Members

  • Term: 6 years
  • One-third members retire every 2 years
  • It is a Permanent House (not subject to dissolution)

Presiding Officer

  • Chairman: Vice-President of India
  • Deputy Chairman: Elected by members of Rajya Sabha

Powers of Rajya Sabha

1. Legislative Powers

  • Can introduce and pass ordinary bills
  • Equal powers with Lok Sabha (except Money Bills)

2. Financial Powers

  • Money Bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha
  • Rajya Sabha can:
    • Recommend changes within 14 days
    • Cannot reject/amend effectively

3. Judicial Powers

  • Participates in:
    • Impeachment of President
    • Removal of judges of Supreme Court & High Courts

4. Constitutional Powers

  • Equal role in Constitutional Amendments

Special Powers of Rajya Sabha:

Under Article 249

  • Can empower Parliament to legislate on State List subjects
  • Requires 2/3rd majority

Under Article 312

  • Can create All India Services (like IAS, IPS)

Comparison: Rajya Sabha vs Lok Sabha

FeatureRajya SabhaLok Sabha
TypeUpper HouseLower House
DissolutionPermanentCan be dissolved
MembersMax 250Max 552
Money BillLimited powerFull control
RepresentationStatesPeople

Important Articles

ArticleDescription
Article 79Parliament structure
Article 80Composition
Article 84Qualification
Article 89Chairman & Deputy Chairman
Article 249Power over State List
Article 312All India Services

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President Nominates Harivansh to Rajya Sabha:

Leave a Comment / Daily Current Affairs, Polity Current Affairs /

Why in News:

The President of India, Droupadi Murmu, has nominated Harivansh Narayan Singh to the Rajya Sabha. This nomination fills a vacancy created due to the retirement of a previously nominated member.

  • The nomination was made under Article 80 of the Constitution.
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About Rajya Sabha: Article 80

Article 80 of the Indian Constitution deals with the composition of the Rajya Sabha.

Important Provisions
  • Maximum Strength: 250 members
  • Current Strength (2026): 245 members
  • Nominated Members: 12 members nominated by the President
  • Eligibility for Nomination:
    • Excellence in:
      • Art
      • Literature
      • Science
      • Social Service

Seat Allocation

  • Based on population of states
  • Examples:
    • Uttar Pradesh: Highest representation (31 seats)
    • Goa & Sikkim: 1 seat each

Tenure & Retirement

  • Term: 6 years
  • Rotation System:
    • One-third members retire every 2 years
  • Ensures continuity of the House

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APPSC PYQs with Telugu Explanation

Leave a Comment / Indian Polity and Constitution MCQs /

Which amendment is known as the ‘Mini Constitution’?
‘మినీ రాజ్యాంగం’ అని ఏ సవరణను పిలుస్తారు?

 
 
 
 

Who is the Chairman of NITI Aayog?
NITI ఆయోగ్ ఛైర్మన్ ఎవరు?

 
 
 
 

Fundamental Duties are included in which part of the Constitution?
ప్రాథమిక విధులు రాజ్యాంగంలో ఏ భాగంలో ఉన్నాయి?

 
 
 
 

The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was borrowed from which country?
ఆదేశిక సూత్రాల భావనను ఏ దేశ రాజ్యాంగం నుండి తీసుకున్నాము?

 
 
 
 

Who appoints the Governor of a State?
రాష్ట్ర గవర్నర్‌ను ఎవరు నియమిస్తారు?

 
 
 
 

Right to Education is guaranteed under which Article?
విద్యా హక్కు ఏ ఆర్టికల్ కింద హామీ ఇవ్వబడింది?

 
 
 
 

Who is known as the Father of Local Self Government in India?
భారతదేశంలో స్థానిక స్వపరిపాలన పితామహుడు ఎవరు?

 
 
 
 

How many members are nominated to Rajya Sabha by the President?
రాష్ట్రపతి రాజ్యసభకు ఎంత మంది సభ్యులను నామినేట్ చేస్తారు?

 
 
 
 

The President can declare emergency under Article 352 on which ground?
ఆర్టికల్ 352 కింద రాష్ట్రపతి ఏ కారణంతో అత్యవసర పరిస్థితి ప్రకటించవచ్చు?

 
 
 
 

Panchayati Raj system was first adopted by which state?
పంచాయతీ రాజ్ వ్యవస్థను మొదట ఏ రాష్ట్రం అమలు చేసింది?

 
 
 
 

Draksharama temple is located in which district?
ద్రాక్షారామం దేవాలయం ఏ జిల్లాలో ఉంది?

 
 
 
 

Who was the first Chief Minister of Andhra State in 1953?
1953లో ఆంధ్ర రాష్ట్రానికి మొదటి ముఖ్యమంత్రి ఎవరు?

 
 
 
 

Nagarjuna Sagar dam is built on which river?
నాగార్జున సాగర్ ప్రాజెక్టు ఏ నదిపై నిర్మించారు?

 
 
 
 

Lepakshi temple famous for hanging pillar is in which district?
వేలాడే స్తంభానికి ప్రసిద్ధి చెందిన లేపాక్షి దేవాలయం ఏ జిల్లాలో ఉంది?

 
 
 
 

Who was the founder of Satavahana dynasty?
శాతవాహన వంశ స్థాపకుడు ఎవరు?

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 16 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 16 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 17 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 17 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 18 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 18 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 19 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 19 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 20 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 20 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 21 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 21 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 22 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 22 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 23 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 23 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 24 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 24 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 25 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 25 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 26 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 26 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 27 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 27 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 28 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 28 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 29 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 29 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 30 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 30 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 31 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 31 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 32 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 32 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 33 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 33 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 34 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 34 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 35 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 35 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 36 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 36 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 37 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 37 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 38 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 38 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 39 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 39 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 40 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 40 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 41 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 41 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 42 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 42 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 43 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 43 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 44 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 44 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 45 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 45 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 46 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 46 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 47 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 47 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 48 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 48 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 49 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 49 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 

Sample Question 50 – Replace with real PYQ
నమూనా ప్రశ్న 50 – వాస్తవ ప్రశ్నతో మార్చండి

 
 
 
 


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