2026 current affairs Archives | Page 4 of 21

Telangana Caste Survey 2025: Complete Data

Why in News?

The Telangana government has officially published the results of its 2024–25 caste survey, one of the most extensive socio-demographic studies in India.

The survey covered 1.12 crore families and 3.55 crore people, offering crucial insights into the state’s caste composition.

Key Findings of the Survey

Population Coverage

Total Families Surveyed: 1.12 crore
Total Population Covered: 3.55 crore

Caste-wise Population Distribution

Backward Classes (BCs) – 56.33% (Largest Group)

Non-Muslim BCs: 46.25%
Muslim BCs: 10.08%

Scheduled Castes (SCs) – 17.43%

Scheduled Tribes (STs) – 10.45%

Other Castes (OCs) / General Category – 15.79%

Includes ~2.48% OC Muslims

No Caste Category

Around 12 lakh people (3.4%–4%) chose not to declare caste

Largest Individual Communities

Madiga (SC) – 10.3% (largest single community)
Mudiraj – 7.4%
Lambadis/Banjaras (ST) – 6.8%

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KABIL Gets Argentina Clearance for Lithium exploration

Why in News?

India has taken a major step toward securing critical minerals as Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL) received environmental clearance from the Argentine government. This approval allows deep exploration of lithium-rich brine blocks in Argentina.

Why Lithium is Important?

Lithium is a key component in batteries
Essential for:
- Electric Vehicles (EVs)
- Renewable energy storage systems
- Electronics and aerospace

Lithium is often called “White Gold” due to its strategic importance

About KABIL:

Established under the Ministry of Mines
A joint venture of three CPSEs:
- National Aluminium Company Limited – 40%
- Hindustan Copper Limited – 30%
- Mineral Exploration and Consultancy Limited – 30%

Objectives of KABIL:

Identify and acquire overseas mineral assets
Explore and develop critical & strategic minerals

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COP31 Vision 2026: Türkiye’s “Future COP” Explained

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Why in News?

Türkiye has proposed a new “COP of the Future” vision for COP31 (2026) under the UNFCCC framework. This vision introduces an innovative partnership model with Australia and focuses on action-oriented climate governance

What is COP31 and Türkiye’s New Vision?

COP31 refers to the 31st session of the Conference of Parties under the UN climate framework.
Türkiye will: Host the summit in Antalya and lead the Action Agenda
Australia will: Play a key role in negotiations

Understanding UNFCCC

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the foundation of global climate governance.

Key Facts:

Adopted: 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit
Enforced: 1994
Members: 198 Parties (197 countries + EU)
Secretariat: Bonn, Germany

Objective:

Stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations
Prevent dangerous human interference with climate systems

What is Conference of Parties (COP)

Supreme decision-making body of UNFCCC
Annual meeting of all member countries
First held in 1995 (Berlin)

Functions:

Review climate action progress
Negotiate new agreements
Set global climate targets

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107th anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:

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Why in News?

India marks the 107th anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on April 13, 2026. This tragic event became a major turning point in India’s freedom struggle, exposing the brutal nature of British colonial rule.

jallianwala bagh massacre (13 april 1919)

Causes Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, which took place on 13 April 1919 massacre arose from intense resentment against the Rowlatt Act (March 1919), a “Black Act” allowing detention without trial.
Following Gandhi’s call for satyagraha, protests surged in Punjab.
The arrest of local leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal led to riots, causing Brigadier-General Dyer to take control and ban public meetings.

The Incident (13 April 1919)

On Baisakhi day, an unarmed gathering in Amritsar was fired upon by troops under Brigadier-General Dyer, who blocked the only exit. Reports vary, with British figures at 379, while Indian estimates suggest over 1,000 deaths

Reactions:

Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest.
Mahatma Gandhi gave up his title ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ and called off the Rowlatt Satyagraha, citing widespread violence.

Aftermath:
- Hunter Commission (1919): Appointed by the British government to investigate. It condemned Dyer’s actions but took no punitive action.
- Response: The incident fueled the nationwide demand for Swaraj and led to the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22).

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Supreme Court Seeks Replies on RTE Implementation

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Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India has asked the Centre, States, and Union Territories to respond to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) demanding effective implementation of the Right to Education (RTE) Act.

Understanding Public Interest Litigation (PIL):

PIL allows any individual or organization to approach the court in the interest of the public, especially for marginalized sections.

Key Features

Relaxation of Locus Standi: Anyone can file a case, not just the affected party.
Epistolary Jurisdiction: Courts may accept letters/postcards as petitions.
Suo Motu Action: Courts can initiate cases on their own.

Historical Background

Introduced during the late 1970s–1980s.
Key contributors:
- Justice P. N. Bhagwati
- Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer
Considered a major tool of judicial activism in India.

Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 – Key Points

Constitutional Basis

Article 21A: Makes education a Fundamental Right (6–14 years).
86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 introduced this provision.
Supporting provisions:
- Article 45: Early childhood care (DPSP)
- Article 51A(k): Duty of parents to provide education

Major Provisions

Free & Compulsory Education for children aged 6–14 years (Classes I–VIII)
25% Reservation in private unaided schools for:
- Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)

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India Becomes 3rd Largest in Renewable Energy Capacity

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Why in News?

India has achieved a major milestone in the global energy sector by becoming the third-largest country in renewable energy capacity, surpassing Brazil.

Global Renewable Energy Rankings (2025)

1st – China
2nd – United States
3rd – India
4th – Brazil

India’s Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity Breakdown (283.46 GW)

Solar Energy: 150.26 GW
Wind Energy: 56.09 GW (4th largest globally)
Large Hydro Power: 51.41 GW
Nuclear Energy: 8.78 GW

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India’s First Quantum Test Beds Launched in Andhra Pradesh-Key facts for APPSC exams

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Why in News?

In a major step towards advancing cutting-edge technology, Andhra Pradesh has established India’s first Quantum Test and Reference Facilities in Amaravati. This initiative positions the state as a leader in India’s emerging quantum technology ecosystem

Facilities Launched:

1Q Quantum Facility
- Located at Medha Towers, Gannavaram
- Developed by Qubitekk
- Focus: Advanced quantum hardware testing
1S Quantum Facility
- Located at SRM University
- Based on superconducting quantum technology
- Focus: Research and development

What are Quantum Test Beds?

Quantum test beds are specialized facilities used to:
- Test quantum computing hardware
- Validate performance and reliability
- Provide certification standards for quantum systems
They are essential for developing secure, scalable, and efficient quantum technologies

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GeM Womaniya Initiative: 2 Lakh Women Entrepreneurs Registered

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Why in News?

The GeM Womaniya Initiative has achieved a major milestone, with over 2 lakh women-led Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) registered on the platform. In FY 2025–26, these entrepreneurs secured 13.7 lakh orders, highlighting the growing role of women in public procurement.

What is GeM Womaniya Initiative?

GeM Womaniya is a flagship initiative under the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
It aims to empower women entrepreneurs and Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
Focus: Integrating women-led businesses into government procurement systems.

Key Features:

Direct access to government buyers (ministries, departments, PSUs)
No intermediaries → better profit margins
Fully digital & transparent platform
Promotes inclusive economic growth

About Government e-Marketplace (GeM)

Launched by: Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Type: National Public Procurement Portal
Main function: Dedicated online portal for the procurement of common-use goods and services required by various government departments, ministries, and public sector undertakings (PSUs).

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UK Pauses Chagos Islands Transfer to Mauritius

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Why in News?

United Kingdom has paused its plan to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius due to concerns raised by the United States.

Historical Background

1965: UK separated Chagos Islands from Mauritius before its independence
Created a new territory called British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)
1968–1973: Around 2,000 Chagossians were forcibly displaced to Mauritius and Seychelles
Purpose: Establish a joint UK-US military base at Diego Garcia

In 2019, the International Court of Justice ruled:

Separation of Chagos Islands from Mauritius was illegal
UK should end its administration “as rapidly as possible”
UN General Assembly also supported Mauritius’ claim

UK had earlier agreed in principle to transfer sovereignty to Mauritius However, the plan is now paused due to lack of formal approval from the United States.

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India to Ban New HFC Projects After 2027-Explained for UPSC and state PSC exams

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India has taken a major step to tackle climate change by restricting the production of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). The government has announced that no new environmental clearances will be granted for HFC projects after 2027. This aligns with India’s international climate commitments under the Kigali Amendment

The Environment Ministry has decided:

No new environmental clearances for HFC production from January 1, 2028
No expansion of existing HFC manufacturing units after December 31, 2027

What are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)?

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are organic compounds consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. They are entirely man-made synthetic gases developed as a non-ozone-depleting alternative to Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): HFCs have zero ODP because they do not contain chlorine, which is the primary catalyst for ozone layer destruction.
Global Warming Potential (GWP): Despite being ozone-friendly, HFCs are potent greenhouse gases. Their GWP can be hundreds to thousands of times higher than carbon dioxide per unit mass.

India & Kigali Amendment

India ratified the Kigali Amendment in 2021
It is part of the Montreal Protocol
Aim:
- Gradual reduction of HFC production and consumption

India falls under Group 2 (Developing Countries) and India’s target is

Year	Reduction Target
2032	10% reduction
2037	20% reduction
2042	30% reduction
2047	85% reduction

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