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CMS COP15 Concludes in Brazil; 40 New Species Granted Protection

Why in News?

The 15th Conference of Parties (CMS COP15) to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) concluded in Campo Grande, Brazil, with a major decision to grant protection to 40 additional migratory species.

cms cop15

About CMS (Bonn Convention)

  • Full Name: Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
  • Also known as: Bonn Convention
  • Established under: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Key Features:

  • An intergovernmental treaty
  • Focuses on:
    • Conservation of migratory species
    • Protection of their habitats and migration routes
  • Covers:
    • Terrestrial animals
    • Aquatic species
    • Birds (avian species)

It is the only global convention dedicated exclusively to migratory species

CMS Appendices (Important for Exams)

Appendix I

  • Includes species threatened with extinction
  • Requires:
    • Strict protection measures
    • Ban on hunting or exploitation

Appendix II

  • Includes species that:
    • Need international cooperation
  • Encourages:
    • Agreements between countries for conservation

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FOURTH SURVEY VESSEL (LARGE) β€˜SANSHODHAK’ DELIVERED TO INDIAN NAVY AT GRSE KOLKATA

Why in News:

The Indian Navy has completed its Survey Vessel (Large) (SVL) Project with the induction of INS Sanshodhak, the fourth and final ship in the series

ins sanshodhak

What is INS Sanshodhak?

  • INS Sanshodhak is a Survey Vessel (Large)
  • It is the fourth and final ship under the SVL project
  • Designed for:
    • Hydrographic surveys
    • Mapping sea floors
    • Supporting navigation safety

Survey Vessel (Large) Project

The SVL Project consists of four ships:

  1. INS Sandhayak
  2. INS Nirdeshak
  3. INS Ikshak
  4. INS Sanshodhak (final vessel)

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INS Malwan: Indigenous ASW Craft Boosts Navy

Why in News?

The Indian Navy has received β€˜Malwan’, the second Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC), built by Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL). This induction significantly enhances India’s coastal security and underwater surveillance capabilities.

ins malwan

What is ASW SWC β€˜Malwan’?

  • Malwan is an indigenously built Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft
  • Designed for:
    • Detecting and neutralizing enemy submarines
    • Operations in shallow coastal waters (littoral zones)

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Samrat Samprati Museum Inaugurated in Gandhinagar

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Samrat Samprati Museum at Koba Tirth in Gandhinagar, Gujarat on the occasion of Bhagwan Mahavir Jayanti. The museum highlights the legacy of Samrat Samprati, a Mauryan emperor known for promoting Jainism

samrat samprati

Who was Samrat Samprati?

  • Period: c. 224–215 BCE
  • Dynasty: Mauryan Dynasty
  • Lineage:
    • Grandson of Emperor Ashoka
    • Son of Kunala

Key Contributions

  • Promoted Jainism across India
  • Converted to Jainism by monk Suhastin
    • Disciple of Acharya Bhadrabahu
  • Known for:
    • Construction of Jain temples
    • Spreading Jain teachings
    • Commissioning lakhs of Tirthankara idols

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YUVIKA: ISRO’s Young Scientist Programme Explained

Why in News?

The Government of India is actively promoting scientific awareness among students through initiatives like Yuva Vigyani Karyakram (YUVIKA). Highlighted by the Union Minister of State for Science & Technology, the programme plays a crucial role in inspiring school students to pursue careers in space science and STEM fields.

yuvika

What is YUVIKA?

Yuva Vigyani Karyakram (YUVIKA), also known as the Young Scientist Programme, is an educational initiative launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Key Purpose

  • To provide early exposure to space science and technology
  • To encourage students to take up careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics)

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Antariksh Venture Capital Fund (AVCF): India’s First Spacetech Fund

Why in News?

India has launched the Antariksh Venture Capital Fund (AVCF) to strengthen its growing spacetech ecosystem. This is the country’s first dedicated venture capital fund for the space sector, aimed at supporting startups

antariksh venture capital fund

What is Antariksh Venture Capital Fund (AVCF)?

The Antariksh Venture Capital Fund (AVCF) is a specialized investment fund created to provide:

  • Risk capital to spacetech startups
  • Support for early-stage and growth-stage companies
  • Funding for innovation in space technology and applications

Key Features of AVCF

1. Total Corpus
  • Target fund size: β‚Ή1,600 crore
  • Initial committed amount: β‚Ή1,005 crore (as of November 2025)

2. Anchor Investor
  • Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe)
    • Committed β‚Ή1,000 crore
    • Acts as the primary institutional supporter

3. Fund Management
  • Managed by SIDBI Venture Capital Limited (SVCL)
  • SVCL is a subsidiary of:
    • Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)

Institutional Background

IN-SPACe
  • A regulatory and promotional body under the Department of Space
  • Facilitates private sector participation in space activities
SIDBI
  • Apex financial institution for MSME financing
  • Supports entrepreneurship and innovation

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E20 Petrol with RON 95 Made Mandatory Across India

Why in News?

From April 1, 2026, the Government of India has implemented a major fuel reform by mandating the nationwide sale of E20 petrol (20% ethanol-blended fuel) with a minimum Research Octane Number (RON) of 95.

e20 petrol

What is E20 Petrol?

E20 petrol is a blended fuel consisting of:

  • 80% conventional petrol
  • 20% ethanol (biofuel)

Key Features

  • Ethanol Source:
    • Derived from agricultural products like:
      • Sugarcane
      • Maize (corn)
      • Other food grains
  • Renewable Fuel:
    • Ethanol is a renewable and eco-friendly energy source
  • Nationwide Implementation:
    • Applicable across all States and Union Territories from April 2026
What is Research Octane Number (RON 95)?
  • Definition:
    • RON measures a fuel’s ability to resist engine knocking (premature combustion)
  • RON 95 Explained:
    • Indicates higher fuel stability
    • Performs better under high pressure and temperature
  • Previous Standard:
    • Earlier petrol standard was RON 91

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Mission MITRA: Preparing Gaganyatris for Space

Why in News?

India has launched Mission MITRA to evaluate astronaut-designates (Gaganyatris) for India’s first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan. The mission focuses on testing physical, psychological, and teamwork capabilities in extreme high-altitude conditions.

mission mitra 1

What is Mission MITRA?

  • Full Form: Mapping of Interoperable Traits and Response Assessment (MITRA)
  • Conducted by: ISRO
  • Purpose: To assess astronauts’ ability to function effectively under extreme conditions

Key Features

  • Four astronaut-designates involved:
    • Shubhanshu Shukla
    • Prashanth Balakrishnan Nair
    • Ajit Krishnan
    • Angad Pratap
  • Testing Location: High-altitude regions of Ladakh

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INS Aridhaman: India’s 3rd Nuclear Submarine

Why in News?

India has achieved another milestone in its strategic defence capability with the commissioning of INS Aridhaman, its third nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN).

ins aridhaman

INS Aridhaman:

  • INS Aridhaman (S4) is India’s third indigenously developed SSBN.
  • It is part of the Arihant-class submarines.
  • Developed under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project.
  • Represents a major advancement in indigenous defence technology.

What is India’s SSBN Programme?

India’s SSBN Programme is a highly classified, indigenous project aimed at constructing nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) to establish a credible, sea-based second-strike capability. Β 

  • SSBN stands for ship submersible ballistic nuclear or nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines.

Current Status of India’s SSBN Fleet (as of April 2026):

  • INS Arihant (S2):Β Commissioned in 2016.
  • INS Arighaat (S3):Β Commissioned in August 2024.
  • INS Aridhaman (S4):Β Commissioned in April 2026.
  • S4Β (likely INS Arisudan):* Currently undergoing sea trials, expected commissioning in 2027
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-new-nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-aridhaman-commissioned/article70819744.ece: INS Aridhaman: India’s 3rd Nuclear Submarine

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INS Taragiri Commissioned: Boost to India’s Naval Power

Why in News?

The INS Taragiri (F41) is the newest stealth guided-missile frigate of the Indian Navy, commissioned at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam

ins taragiri

INS Taragiri – Key Highlights

  • INS Taragiri (F41) is the fourth ship under the Project 17A (Nilgiri-class).
  • It is a stealth guided-missile frigate designed for advanced naval warfare.
  • Built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai.
  • Commissioned at the Eastern Naval Command, Visakhapatnam.

What is Project 17A?

Project 17A (P17A) involves the construction of seven advanced Nilgiri-class stealth guided-missile frigates for the Indian Navy, designed for improved stealth, survivability, and combat capability. Built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders (MDL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE),

Project 17A Vessels:

  • INS Nilgiri:Β First of class.
  • INS Himgiri:Β Built by GRSE.
  • INS Udaygiri:Β Built by MDL.
  • INS Taragiri:Β Commissioned April 2026.
  • INS Dunagiri:Β Delivered to the Indian Navy.
  • INS Vindhyagiri:Β Launched by GRSE.
  • Mahendragiri:Β Seventh frigate
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2248799&reg=3&lang=1: INS Taragiri Commissioned: Boost to India’s Naval Power

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