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PSC Chronicles Team

Women’s Reservation Act 2026: 33% Quota Comes into Force

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Why in News:

The Women’s Reservation Act, 2023 officially came into force on April 16, 2026, marking a major step toward improving women’s representation in Indian politics. This law provides 33% reservation for women in key legislative bodies.

nari shakti vandan adhiniyam

What is the Women’s Reservation Act?

  • The Act is formally known as the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023.
  • Popularly called the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam.
  • Notified by the Union Ministry of Law and Justice on April 16, 2026.

Key Features of the Act

1. Reservation Provision

  • Provides 33% reservation for women in: Lok sabha and State Legislative Assemblies

2. Exclusions

  • Does NOT apply to: Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils (Legislative Council/Upper Houses)

3. Rotation of Seats

  • Reserved seats will rotate after delimitation.
  • Ensures fair distribution of reservation across constituencies.

4. Duration

  • Reservation will be in force for 15 years.
  • Parliament may extend it if required.

5. Implementation Timeline

  • Act passed in 2023.
  • Came into effect on April 16, 2026 through official notification.

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Economic Impact of British Rule & Social Reforms

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πŸ“Š Chapter 13 Β· Modern India Β· Indian History

Economic Impact of British Rule & Social Reforms

Drain of wealth, deindustrialisation, land revenue systems; Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, Widow Remarriage Act. Complete UPSC & PSC notes.

6
Sub-Topics
10
Practice MCQs
10
PYQs
⭐⭐⭐
Very High

πŸ“Œ What You Will Learn in This Chapter

βœ… Drain of wealth theory β€” Dadabhai Naoroji
βœ… Deindustrialisation & destruction of handicrafts
βœ… Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari, Mahalwari systems
βœ… Raja Ram Mohan Roy β€” Brahmo Samaj, abolition of Sati (1829)
βœ… Dayananda Saraswati β€” Arya Samaj (1875), Ramakrishna Mission
βœ… Macaulay’s Minute (1835), Wood’s Despatch (1854)

πŸ“š Chapter Sub-Topics β€” Click to Read
Topic 01
Economic Impact of British Rule
Drain of wealth theory (Dadabhai Naoroji), deindustrialisation, destruction of handicrafts, commercialisation of agriculture.

Read Now β†’

Topic 02
Land Revenue Systems
Permanent Settlement (Zamindari), Ryotwari, Mahalwari systems β€” features, areas, impact on peasants.

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Topic 03
Social Reform Movements β€” Brahmo Samaj
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Brahmo Samaj (1828), abolition of Sati (1829), widow remarriage, women’s education.

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Topic 04
Arya Samaj & Other Reform Movements
Dayananda Saraswati, Arya Samaj (1875), Ramakrishna Mission, Vivekananda, Theosophical Society.

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Topic 05
Educational Reforms & Press
Macaulay’s Minute (1835), Wood’s Despatch (1854), universities, vernacular press, role of education in nationalism.

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Topic 06
Economic Impact & Social Reforms β€” Revision
Key reformers, acts, dates, complete chapter revision checklist.

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Supreme Court on Ashoka Chakra Guidelines (2026 Explained)

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Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India declined to entertain a petition seeking the formulation of guidelines for displaying the Ashoka Chakra on the national flag. The Court chose not to intervene, indicating no need for additional directions.

ashoka chakra

Key Highlights of the Case

  • The petition requested the Court to direct the Central Government to frame specific rules for the display of the Ashoka Chakra.
  • The Supreme Court refused to entertain the plea.
  • The Court did not find sufficient grounds to issue directions in this matter.
  • Existing provisions under the Flag Code of India already govern the use and display of the national flag

Ashoka Chakra – Key Facts

  • Inspired from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath (Mauryan period)
  • Adopted on 22 July 1947.
  • Located at the center of the white band in the Indian National Flag
  • Color: Navy Blue
  • Shape: 24-spoked wheel

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PM MUDRA Yojana 2026: 11 Years completed

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Why in News?

India celebrates 11 years of the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), launched on 8 April 2015. The scheme aims to provide collateral-free loans to micro and small businesses, promoting entrepreneurship and financial inclusion.

pm mudra yojana

Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)

  • Launch Date: 8 April 2015
  • Type: Flagship Central Government Scheme
  • Objective: β€œFund the Unfunded”
  • Ministry: Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance

Loan Categories under PMMY

Shishu

  • Loan up to β‚Ή50,000
  • For new or early-stage entrepreneurs

Kishore

  • Loan from β‚Ή50,001 to β‚Ή5 lakh
  • For growing businesses

Tarun

  • Loan from β‚Ή5 lakh to β‚Ή10 lakh
  • For established enterprises

Tarun Plus (New Category)

  • Loan from β‚Ή10 lakh to β‚Ή20 lakh
  • For entrepreneurs who successfully repaid Tarun loan

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India Sends BCG Vaccines to Afghanistan

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Why in News?

India has sent 13 tonnes of BCG (Bacille Calmette-GuΓ©rin) vaccines along with essential materials to Afghanistan.
This initiative aims to strengthen Afghanistan’s child immunisation programme, especially in preventing tuberculosis (TB) among children.

india bcg afghanistan

Bacille Calmette-GuΓ©rin (BCG) Vaccine

  • Developed in 1921
  • Derived from: Mycobacterium bovis (attenuated strain)
  • Type: Live attenuated vaccine
  • It is the only licensed vaccine against TB

What is TB?

  • A bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Transmission

  • Spreads through airborne droplets
  • Occurs when an infected person-Coughs, Sneezes

Types of TB

Pulmonary TB
  • Affects the lungs
  • Most common and highly contagious
Extra-Pulmonary TB (EPTB)
  • Affects other organs:
    • Lymph nodes
    • Bones (Pott’s disease)
    • Kidneys
    • Brain

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Telangana Caste Survey 2025: Complete Data

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Why in News?

The Telangana government has officially published the results of its 2024–25 caste survey, one of the most extensive socio-demographic studies in India.

  • The survey covered 1.12 crore families and 3.55 crore people, offering crucial insights into the state’s caste composition.
telangana castes

Key Findings of the Survey

Population Coverage

  • Total Families Surveyed: 1.12 crore
  • Total Population Covered: 3.55 crore

Caste-wise Population Distribution

Backward Classes (BCs) – 56.33% (Largest Group)

  • Non-Muslim BCs: 46.25%
  • Muslim BCs: 10.08%
Scheduled Castes (SCs) – 17.43%
Scheduled Tribes (STs) – 10.45%
Other Castes (OCs) / General Category – 15.79%
  • Includes ~2.48% OC Muslims
No Caste Category
  • Around 12 lakh people (3.4%–4%) chose not to declare caste

Largest Individual Communities

  • Madiga (SC) – 10.3% (largest single community)
  • Mudiraj – 7.4%
  • Lambadis/Banjaras (ST) – 6.8%

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KABIL Gets Argentina Clearance for Lithium exploration

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Why in News?

India has taken a major step toward securing critical minerals as Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL) received environmental clearance from the Argentine government. This approval allows deep exploration of lithium-rich brine blocks in Argentina.

kabil

Why Lithium is Important?

  • Lithium is a key component in batteries
  • Essential for:
    • Electric Vehicles (EVs)
    • Renewable energy storage systems
    • Electronics and aerospace

Lithium is often called β€œWhite Gold” due to its strategic importance

About KABIL:

  • Established under the Ministry of Mines
  • A joint venture of three CPSEs:
    • National Aluminium Company Limited – 40%
    • Hindustan Copper Limited – 30%
    • Mineral Exploration and Consultancy Limited – 30%

Objectives of KABIL:

  • Identify and acquire overseas mineral assets
  • Explore and develop critical & strategic minerals

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COP31 Vision 2026: TΓΌrkiye’s β€œFuture COP” Explained

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Why in News?

TΓΌrkiye has proposed a new β€œCOP of the Future” vision for COP31 (2026) under the UNFCCC framework. This vision introduces an innovative partnership model with Australia and focuses on action-oriented climate governance

unfccc explained

What is COP31 and TΓΌrkiye’s New Vision?

  • COP31 refers to the 31st session of the Conference of Parties under the UN climate framework.
  • TΓΌrkiye will: Host the summit in Antalya and lead the Action Agenda
  • Australia will: Play a key role in negotiations

Understanding UNFCCC

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the foundation of global climate governance.

Key Facts:

  • Adopted: 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit
  • Enforced: 1994
  • Members: 198 Parties (197 countries + EU)
  • Secretariat: Bonn, Germany

Objective:

  • Stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations
  • Prevent dangerous human interference with climate systems

What is Conference of Parties (COP)

  • Supreme decision-making body of UNFCCC
  • Annual meeting of all member countries
  • First held in 1995 (Berlin)

Functions:

  • Review climate action progress
  • Negotiate new agreements
  • Set global climate targets

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Key facts

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Topic 06 of 6 Β· Chapter 09 Β· Indian Polity

President, VP & PM β€” Key Facts & Quick Revision

All important articles, election details, powers comparison, and quick revision for last-minute exam preparation.

πŸ“Š Comparison β€” President, VP, PM

FeaturePresidentVice-PresidentPrime Minister
Article52-6263-7174-75
Minimum age35 years35 years25 years (LS) / 30 years (RS)
ElectionIndirect β€” elected MPs + elected MLAsIndirect β€” all MPs (elected + nominated)Appointed by President
Term5 years5 yearsDuring pleasure of President / Lok Sabha confidence
RemovalImpeachment (Article 61) β€” 2/3 of total membership of both HousesResolution of RS + agreement of LSLoses majority in Lok Sabha
RoleConstitutional head (nominal)Chairman of Rajya SabhaReal executive

πŸ“‹ Important Articles β€” Chapter 09

ArticleSubject
52The President of India
54Election of President
55Manner of election of President (STV)
56Term of office of President (5 years)
61Procedure for impeachment of President
63The Vice-President of India
64VP as ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha
66Election of VP
72Power of President to grant pardons
74Council of Ministers to aid and advise President
75Other provisions as to Ministers (PM appointment, collective responsibility)
123Power of President to promulgate Ordinances
⭐ Quick Facts:
β€’ President’s pardoning power: Article 72 β€” includes death sentences
β€’ Governor’s pardoning power: Article 161 β€” does NOT include death sentences
β€’ Ordinance: Article 123 β€” ceases after 6 weeks of Parliament reassembling
β€’ 91st Amendment: Council of Ministers max 15% of Lok Sabha
β€’ Pocket veto used by: President Zail Singh (Postal Bill 1986)

πŸ”‘ Chapter 09 β€” Complete Must-Remember Facts

  • President: Nominal head; Article 52
  • President election: Elected MPs + Elected MLAs (not nominated)
  • VP election: All MPs (elected + nominated); no MLAs
  • President minimum age: 35 years
  • Impeachment: 2/3 of total membership of both Houses
  • VP: Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha
  • Article 74: Council of Ministers to aid and advise
  • Article 75(3): Collectively responsible to Lok Sabha
  • 91st Amendment: Max 15% of Lok Sabha in Council of Ministers
  • Article 72: Pardoning power β€” includes death sentences
  • Article 123: Ordinance power β€” ceases after 6 weeks
  • Three vetoes: Absolute, Suspensive, Pocket
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107th anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:

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Why in News?

India marks the 107th anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on April 13, 2026. This tragic event became a major turning point in India’s freedom struggle, exposing the brutal nature of British colonial rule.

jallianwala bagh massacre (13 april 1919)

Causes Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:

  • TheΒ Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, which took place onΒ 13 April 1919 massacre arose from intense resentment against theΒ Rowlatt Act (March 1919), a “Black Act” allowing detention without trial.
  • Following Gandhi’s call forΒ satyagraha, protests surged in Punjab.
  • The arrest of local leadersΒ Dr. Saifuddin KitchlewΒ andΒ Dr. SatyapalΒ led to riots, causing Brigadier-General Dyer to take control and ban public meetings.Β 

The Incident (13 April 1919)

On Baisakhi day, an unarmed gathering in Amritsar was fired upon by troops under Brigadier-General Dyer, who blocked the only exit. Reports vary, with British figures at 379, while Indian estimates suggest over 1,000 deaths

Reactions:

  • Rabindranath TagoreΒ renounced his Knighthood in protest.
  • Mahatma GandhiΒ gave up his title ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ and called off the Rowlatt Satyagraha, citing widespread violence.
  • Aftermath:
    • Hunter CommissionΒ (1919):Β Appointed by the British government to investigate. It condemned Dyer’s actions but took no punitive action.
    • Response:Β The incident fueled the nationwide demand forΒ SwarajΒ and led to the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22).

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