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2026 current affairs

India to Ban New HFC Projects After 2027-Explained for UPSC and state PSC exams

India has taken a major step to tackle climate change by restricting the production of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). The government has announced that no new environmental clearances will be granted for HFC projects after 2027. This aligns with India’s international climate commitments under the Kigali Amendment

kigali amendment

The Environment Ministry has decided:

  • No new environmental clearances for HFC production from January 1, 2028
  • No expansion of existing HFC manufacturing units after December 31, 2027

What are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)?

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are organic compounds consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. They are entirely man-made synthetic gases developed as a non-ozone-depleting alternative to Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

  • Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): HFCs have zero ODP because they do not contain chlorine, which is the primary catalyst for ozone layer destruction.
  • Global Warming Potential (GWP): Despite being ozone-friendly, HFCs are potent greenhouse gases. Their GWP can be hundreds to thousands of times higher than carbon dioxide per unit mass.

India & Kigali Amendment

  • India ratified the Kigali Amendment in 2021
  • It is part of the Montreal Protocol
  • Aim:
    • Gradual reduction of HFC production and consumption

India falls under Group 2 (Developing Countries) and India’s target is

YearReduction Target
203210% reduction
203720% reduction
204230% reduction
204785% reduction

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Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jayanti 2026: Complete Notes for UPSC & PSC Exams

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule on his birth anniversary, recognizing his immense contribution to social justice, education, and equality in India.

mahatma jyotiba phule

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Major contributions:

1. Pioneer of Women’s Education

  • In 1848, started the first girls’ school at Bhide Wada, Pune
  • Educated his wife Savitribai Phule, who became India’s first woman teacher
  • Promoted education as a tool for social transformation

2. Satyashodhak Samaj (1873)

  • Founded Satyashodhak Samaj to promote social equality and fight against caste discrimination

3. Concept of β€˜Dalit’

  • Among the first leaders to use the term β€œDalit” (meaning oppressed)

4. Literary Contribution – Gulamgiri (1873)

  • Famous book Gulamgiri (means Slavery)
  • Compared caste oppression in India with racial slavery in America
  • Highlighted exploitation and inequality

5. Title of β€œMahatma”

  • Conferred in 1888 by social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar
  • Recognized for his lifelong service to society

Legacy and Influence

  • Inspired leaders like Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
  • Ambedkar considered Phule as one of his three gurus (along with Buddha and Kabir)
  • Laid foundation for the modern anti-caste movement in India

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President Nominates Harivansh to Rajya Sabha:

Why in News:

The President of India, Droupadi Murmu, has nominated Harivansh Narayan Singh to the Rajya Sabha. This nomination fills a vacancy created due to the retirement of a previously nominated member.

  • The nomination was made under Article 80 of the Constitution.
design clean simple and professional and creative

About Rajya Sabha: Article 80

Article 80 of the Indian Constitution deals with the composition of the Rajya Sabha.

Important Provisions
  • Maximum Strength: 250 members
  • Current Strength (2026): 245 members
  • Nominated Members: 12 members nominated by the President
  • Eligibility for Nomination:
    • Excellence in:
      • Art
      • Literature
      • Science
      • Social Service

Seat Allocation

  • Based on population of states
  • Examples:
    • Uttar Pradesh: Highest representation (31 seats)
    • Goa & Sikkim: 1 seat each

Tenure & Retirement

  • Term: 6 years
  • Rotation System:
    • One-third members retire every 2 years
  • Ensures continuity of the House

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January-2026 1st week Important Current affairs Practice

Important MCQs from January 1st week current affairs

1. India surpassed which country to become the world’s 4th largest economy in early January 2026 with a GDP of approximately USD 4.18 trillion?

 
 
 
 

2. Which country officially became the 21st member of the Eurozone in January 2026 by adopting the Euro as its national currency?

 
 
 
 

3. The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) approved the appointment of Rakesh Agarwal (IPS) as the Interim Director General (DG) of which organisation under the Ministry of Home Affairs in January 2026?

 
 
 
 

4. Which Indian institution successfully performed India’s first surgery combining 3D Flex Aqueous Angiography with iStent implantation for glaucoma treatment in January 2026?

 
 
 
 

5. On which date is Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (NRI Day) observed every year, and what historical event does it commemorate?

 
 
 
 

6. The Government of India launched the Interest Subvention Scheme under which broader initiative in January 2026 to support MSME exporters by offering a 2.75% interest subsidy on rupee export credit?

 
 
 
 

7. According to the RBI’s ‘Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2024-25’ released in January 2026, how many Public Sector Banks (PSBs) were part of India’s commercial banking system at the end of FY25?

 
 
 
 

8. Which legendary Tamil scholar, credited as the ‘Father of Tamil Grammar’ and author of ‘Agattiyam’, was in news in January 2026 in the context of the Parliament Museum renovation?

 
 
 
 

9. The United Nations declared 2026 as the International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists primarily to:

 
 
 
 

10. The trilateral coast guard exercise involving India, Maldives, and Sri Lanka is known as:

 
 
 
 


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design poster january 202604091450

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World Homoeopathy Day 2026: Theme, History & Key Facts Explained

Why in News

World Homoeopathy Day is observed every year on April 10 to mark the birth anniversary of Samuel Hahnemann, the pioneer of Homoeopathy

world homeopathy day 2026

World Homoeopathy Day 2026 – Key Highlights

  • Date: April 10, 2026
  • Theme 2026: β€œHomoeopathy for Sustainable Health”
  • Purpose: To Promote awareness about homoeopathy

What is Homoeopathy?

Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine based on the belief that the body can cure itself. It was developed in Germany in the late 1700s by a physician named Samuel Hahnemann. The name comes from the Greek words hΓ³moios (“similar”) and pΓ‘thos (“suffering”)

Key Principles of Homoeopathy

1. Law of Similars

  • A substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person can treat similar symptoms in a sick person.

2. Individualised Treatment

  • Focuses on the patient as a whole, not just the disease

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Telangana Gets 2 New Airports: Warangal & Adilabad-Explained for TGPSC exams

Why in News?

The Government of India has approved the development of two new airports in Telanganaβ€”Warangal and Adilabad. This move aims to boost regional connectivity, economic growth, and aviation infrastructure in the state.

warangal adilabad airport 202604091226

Warangal (Mamnoor) Airport

  • Approved by the Ministry of Civil Aviation
  • Located at Mamnoor near Warangal
  • Historically used as a training airfield Will be redeveloped into a major aviation hub for North Telangana

Adilabad Airport (Dual-Use Airport)

  • To be developed by the Ministry of Defence Designed as a dual-use airport:
  • Military training operations
  • Civilian air services

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India Withdraws Bid for COP 33 (2028)

India has withdrawn its bid to host the 33rd Conference of Parties (COP 33) scheduled for 2028.

  • COP is the annual global climate summit held under the United Nations climate framework, where countries discuss actions to tackle climate change
unfccc psc

What is UNFCCC?

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the main international agreement guiding global efforts to combat climate change.

Key Facts:

  • Adopted: 1992
  • Event: Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro)
  • Objective: Stabilize greenhouse gas emissions to prevent dangerous climate change
  • Nature: Framework treaty (not legally binding emission targets)

Important Agreements under UNFCCC:

  • Kyoto Protocol
    • Legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries
  • Paris Agreement
    • Aim: Limit global warming to well below 2Β°C, preferably 1.5Β°C

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New CPI Series 2024 Explained:

Why in News?

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has introduced a new Consumer Price Index (CPI) series with base year 2024=100. According to the latest data, India’s retail inflation stood at 2.75% in January 2026 (year-on-year), reflecting changes in consumption patterns and economic structure.

cpi inflation

What is CPI?

  • Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the average change in prices of goods and services consumed by households.
  • It is the most important indicator of inflation in India.
  • Used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for monetary policy decisions.

Key Changes in New CPI Series (Base Year 2024)

1. Change in Base Year

  • Updated from 2012 β†’ 2024
  • Reflects latest consumption patterns of households.

2. Weight Realignment

  • Reduced weight: Food & beverages
  • Increased weight: Services, Housing

3. Expanded Consumption Basket

  • Total items increased:
    • From 299 β†’ 358 items
      • 308 goods
      • 50 services

4. New Items Added

  • Online streaming services , Rural housing , Value-added dairy products, Babysitting services, Fitness equipment
5. Inclusion of Rural House Rent
  • First-time inclusion
  • Improves representation of rural consumption patterns
6. Updated Classification System
  • Now follows COICOP 2018 classification
  • Shift:
    • From 6 groups β†’ 12 divisions

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Telangana’s Bharat Future City Project: NGT Refuses to Grant Stay:

Why in News:

National Green Tribunal (NGT) has refused to halt Telangana’sBharat Future City project, proposed over nearly 30,000 acres

national green tribunal

The petitioner alleged: Mandatory approvals were not obtained before starting activities and bypassed procedures under the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) framework

What is the Bharat Future City Project?

  • A large-scale urban development project proposed by the Telangana government
  • Spread across ~30,000 acres in 56 revenue villages covering 7 mandals
  • Located between Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar highways
  • Envisioned as a modern urban hub with infrastructure and economic activities

About NGT

  • Established under the NGT Act, 2010
  • A specialized environmental court for speedy justice

Key Features

  • Chairperson: Retired Supreme Court judge or Chief Justice of a High Court
  • Tenure: 5 years (no reappointment)
  • Nature of Proceedings:
    • Follows principles of natural justice
    • Not strictly bound by the Code of Civil Procedure
  • Time Limit:
    • Aims to dispose cases within 6 months
  • Jurisdiction:
    • Covers major environmental laws (Schedule I)
    • Excludes:
      • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
      • Forest Rights Act, 2006
  • Appeal Mechanism:
    • Decisions can be appealed in the Supreme Court within 90 days

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Kali Tiger Reserve ESZ: Draft Notification Issued

The Union Ministry of Environment has issued a draft notification to declare an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) around the Kali Tiger Reserve in Karnataka

eco sensitive zone

What are Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs)?

Eco-Sensitive Zones are buffer areas created around protected regions like: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Tiger Reserves

Purpose:

  • Act as a shock absorber between protected areas and human activities
  • Reduce environmental pressure
  • Promote sustainable development

Legal & Statutory Basis

  • Declared under Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
  • Though the term β€œESZ” is not directly mentioned in the Act, it is notified through rules under it.

Extent of ESZ

  • Generally extends up to 10 km from the boundary of protected areas
  • However, it is flexible depending on: Ecological sensitivity, Population density and local conditions.

Activities in ESZ

Prohibited Activities:
  • Commercial mining
  • Setting up sawmills
  • Large hydroelectric projects
Regulated Activities:
  • Tourism
  • Road expansion
  • Construction activities
Permitted Activities:
  • Eco-friendly practices
  • Organic farming
  • Sustainable livelihood activities

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